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• Creating content across multiple formats including blogs and social media • Developing Landing Page and optimizing it for SEM; client – www.hollywoodhomesboston.com • Managing A/B testing of site content, including set-up, tracking and deployment • Analyzing, creating content and page build out for campaigns distributed across all platforms including blogging, landing pages and calls-to-action using HubSpot software • Participated in discussions of GSI’s social media strategy to promote sustainable transportation • Researched best practices in social media and identified opportunities for implementation • Developed effective content for Facebook by identifying relevant sources using Google Alerts, Feedly & Flipboard resulting in a 13% increase in page likes • Produced a bi-weekly dashboard tracking social media growth using Facebook Insights and Google Analytics and present information to senior management • Worked with Business Development Manager to generate a list of potential clients by researching market behavior to understand booking trends and identify new sources of revenue • Maintained and updated database of hotel geocodes and locations • Managed weekly dynamic hotel rankings for Search Engine Optimization • Analyzed trends to discover new inventory and understand seasonality of hotel bookings Reedsy is a community of top publishing professionals. Join Reedsy today to browse 1000+ profiles. Experienced development editor with scholarly, literary, and genre expertise. Formerly W.W. Norton (social sciences); Princeton English PhD. I work on nutrition, personal development, mind, body, spirit - everything health and lifestyle related. I'm also a qualified nutritionist.

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- On-Campus Employment - Online Publications Career Consultants are available to assist registered students and alumni with Career Development and Exploration, resume critiquing, mock interviews, and professional development efforts. The Lamar University Career and Testing Center now provides the opportunity for multi-user subscription to www.H1visajobs.com www.H1visajobs.com offers online databases of American Employers for International Professionals. This program will provide an "inside look" into companies for all H-1 applicants searching for Internships, Co-Ops and Professional Opportunities. Current Databases Available for Use: To access the website: NOTE: DO NOT CUT AND PASTE USERNAME AND/OR PASSWORD. TYPE IN THE INFORMATION THE BLACK COLLEGIAN Online: The Career Site for African American College Students Our office can now assist you in resume development through email! You can send your resume to email@example.com and the career consultant for your college will assist you in developing your resume. It is very pertinent to include the following accurate information: After you have submitted your resume for review, please give each career consultant 72 hours to return it back to you. For additional questions, please contact our office at 409-880-8878. If you need assistance in writing your cover letter, devloping your writing skills, or for proof reading, please contact: University Writing Center Mary & John Gray Library 1st Floor

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Maria Jelena shoots Glam Slam for Schon! Magazine In another great editorial from the latest issue of Schon! magazine, photographer Maria Jelena shoots Emily Thomas and Grace Moore in a glamorous, rock and roll style photo-shoot, titled Glam Slam. Styled by Andrew Zumbo, the eclectic mix of girly style includes pieces from labels such as D&G, Karen Walker and Opening Ceremony. It is a gorgeous, girly photo-shoot. The make-up, by Dylan Sentihilan is perfect, we feel the bright red lips and smokey eyes add a real sense of drama and edginess to the images. As well as this, the tousled hair styling and loose curls by Lyndall Vile gives Emily and Grace a just-got-out-of-bed and ready to go look which is perfect with the vintage and edgy aesthetic. Overall, the editorial has a slightly vintage, nostalgic feel, through the color and exposure used in each photograph. The grainy detail of the film in each photograph is a wonderful touch, and gives the images unique appeal from all the other editorials in the issue. Another great editorial from the latest issue of Schon! magazine, we would definitely recommend picking up a copy if possible. For more information visit www.schonmagazine.com and www.mariahjelena.com.

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About Easy Webcontent The easy to use, do it yourself Site Builder and Website Editing System. What is Easy WebContent? It’s a full online system loaded with goodies allowing you to quickly and easily Create and Edit your online presence without additional software or expertise. Easy WebContent is simply the easiest and quickest way to access your pages to create and/or edit your website from any standard web browser - without installing any software on your hosting account or making changes to your existing HTML web pages. More than just an editing system, Easy WebContent is easy, powerful, saves you money on editing and gives YOU control over managing your web site content. Who We Are We give you easy (and powerful) tools to manage and empower your online presence. Easy WebContent is a collaborative effort between professional web designers and developers at HindSite Interactive, Inc., an internet consulting company providing custom web solutions to businesses and organizations since 2001. With the demand for a quick, simple and cost effective method of web site editing, in 2004 we made a conscious effort to create Easy WebContent. This fully web based WYSIWYG system allows web site owners to access and manage their site content with no technical training or costly out of pocket expenses. No matter what your level of web design knowledge or whether you are a multi-million dollar business or a start up company, Easy WebContent was designed with your business in mind.

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The official web site for the B.C. Stars, the British Columbia chapter of the Mercedes-Benz Club of America The monthly meeting takes place on the first Tuesday of the month at the White Spot in Coal Harbour. Georgia near Cardero White Spot Restaurant on Georgia Street near Cardero.

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How To: Use the Export to CAD Tool and insert text into output blocks in AutoCAD Instructions provided describe the steps to use the Export to CAD tool and create BLOCK entities that contain text in the output AutoCAD DWG or DXF file formats. Note: These steps are performed on an annotation feature class in a geodatabase. Add the following fields, with the definitions listed, to the geodatabase annotation feature class attribute table: CADType Text Length 32 RefName Text Length 32 TxtMemo Text Suggest using length to match the length of values in the field named "TextString" that exists in the annotation feature class. Here is one method to add these fields to the attribute table. A) Add the annotation feature class to ArcMap. B) Open the attribute table, and select Options > Add Field. Name the field CADType, select Type: Text with Length = 32. C) Repeat Step B above two more times, to add the fields RefName and TxtMemo, with the definitions shown above, to the attribute table. Calculate the following values into the new fields: CADType = "insert" RefName = Block Name to be used in AutoCAD. The Block Name is usually a text string and must be enclosed in double quotes. TxtMemo = [TextString] The text string calculated into the TxtMemo field is inserted into a BLOCK in the output AutoCAD file.

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Kanye West to KRS-One: The 10 Most WTF? Quotes of 2016 2016 had no shortage of crazy celebrity quotes. Trick Daddy. Erykah Badu. Azealia Banks (of course.) Rappers, singers and plenty of others had plenty to say about the election, about social issues, about sexual proclivities of various kinds--and it all made for quite the bevy of head-scratching quotes. We wittled down our ten favorites here. Of course, Kanye West makes multiple appearances. Check out the list up top!

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Kentucky high school football playoffs | Second-round previews and picks Here are the previews and picks for the second week of the high school football playoffs in the Louisville area. Home teams in ALL CAPS. Click links for game previews. TRINITY 42, Campbell County 7 SIMON KENTON 28, Ballard 13 MORE COVERAGE | PRP rallying after death of beloved teacher, coach's wife SOUTH OLDHAM 28, Highlands 20 COVINGTON CATHOLIC 42, Bullitt Central 7 DOSS 28, Montgomery County 21 CENTRAL 42, Floyd Central 6 BELFRY 45, Waggener 34 DESALES 48, Washington County 0 Christian Academy 30, WALTON-VERONA 22 JASON FRAKES’ PICKS Last week’s record: 25-3. Season record: 204-42.

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The Maya Temple of Kukulcán (top), the Aztec sun stone (middle) and the Inca city of Machu Picchu (bottom) are among the most lasting built or constructed achievements of pre-Columbian civilizations. In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, spans from the original peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492. Usually, the era covers the history of Indigenous cultures until significant influence by Europeans. This may have occurred decades or even centuries after Columbus for certain cultures. Many pre-Columbian civilizations were marked by permanent settlements, cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, major earthworks, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European colonies (c. late 16th–early 17th centuries),[1] and are known only through archaeological investigations and oral history. Other civilizations were contemporary with the colonial period and were described in European historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya civilization, kept written records, but due to many Christian Europeans of the time viewing such texts as pagan, men like Diego de Landa burned them, even while seeking to preserve native histories. Only a few hidden documents have survived in their original languages, while others were transcribed or dictated into Spanish, giving modern historians glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge. Before the development of archaeology in the 19th century, historians of the pre-Columbian period mainly interpreted the records of the European conquerors and the accounts of early European travelers and antiquaries. It was not until the nineteenth century that the work of people such as John Lloyd Stephens, Eduard Seler, and Alfred Maudslay, and institutions such as the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University, led to the reconsideration and criticism of the early European sources. Now, the scholarly study of pre-Columbian cultures is most often based on scientific and multidisciplinary methodologies.[2] The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous genetics is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA).[3] Researchers have found genetic evidence that the Q1a3a haplogroup has been in South America since at least 18,000 BCE.[4] Y-DNA, like mtDNA, differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can easily be studied.[5] The pattern indicates Indigenous peoples experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes: first with the initial peopling of the Americas and second with European colonization of the Americas.[6][7] The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous populations.[7] Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering Sea coastline, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population.[8][9] The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicate that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.[10] The Na-Dené, Inuit, and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA) mutations, however, and are distinct from other Indigenous peoples with various mtDNA mutations.[11][12][13] This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.[14] Asian nomadic Paleo-Indians are thought to have entered the Americas via the Bering Land Bridge (Beringia), now the Bering Strait, and possibly along the coast. Genetic evidence found in Indigenous peoples' maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) supports the theory of multiple genetic populations migrating from Asia.[15][16][17] After crossing the land bridge, they moved southward along the Pacific coast[18] and through an interior ice-free corridor.[19] Throughout millennia, Paleo-Indians spread throughout the rest of North and South America. Exactly when the first people migrated into the Americas is the subject of much debate.[20] One of the earliest identifiable cultures was the Clovis culture, with sites dating from some 13,000 years ago. [21]However, older sites dating back to 20,000 years ago have been claimed. Some genetic studies estimate the colonization of the Americas dates from between 40,000 and 13,000 years ago.[22] The chronology of migration models is currently divided into two general approaches. The first is the short chronology theory with the first movement beyond Alaska into the Americas occurring no earlier than 14,000–17,000 years ago, followed by successive waves of immigrants.[23][24][25][26] The second belief is the long chronology theory, which proposes that the first group of people entered the hemisphere at a much earlier date, possibly 50,000–40,000 years ago or earlier.[27][28][29][30] Artifacts have been found in both North and South America which have been dated to 14,000 years ago,[31] and accordingly humans have been proposed to have reached Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America by this time. In that case, the Inuit would have arrived separately and at a much later date, probably no more than 2,000 years ago, moving across the ice from Siberia into Alaska. Simplified map of subsistence methods in the Americas at 1000 BCE   hunter-gatherers   simple farming societies   complex farming societies (tribal chiefdoms or civilizations)The North American climate was unstable as the ice age receded during the Lithic stage. It finally stabilized about 10,000 years ago; climatic conditions were then very similar to today's.[32] Within this time frame, roughly about the Archaic Period, numerous archaeological cultures have been identified. The unstable climate led to widespread migration, with early Paleo-Indians soon spreading throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct tribes.[33] The Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers, likely characterized by small, mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 50 members of an extended family. These groups moved from place to place as preferred resources were depleted and new supplies were sought.[34] During much of the Paleo-Indian period, bands are thought to have subsisted primarily through hunting now-extinct giant land animals such as mastodon and ancient bison.[35] Paleo-Indian groups carried a variety of tools, including distinctive projectile points and knives, as well as less distinctive butchering and hide-scraping implements. The vastness of the North American continent, and the variety of its climates, ecology, vegetation, fauna, and landforms, led ancient peoples to coalesce into many distinct linguistic and cultural groups.[36] This is reflected in the oral histories of the indigenous peoples, described by a wide range of traditional creation stories which often say that a given people have been living in a certain territory since the creation of the world. Throughout thousands of years, paleo-Indian people domesticated, bred, and cultivated many plant species, including crops that now constitute 50–60% of worldwide agriculture.[37] In general, Arctic, Subarctic, and coastal peoples continued to live as hunters and gatherers, while agriculture was adopted in more temperate and sheltered regions, permitting a dramatic rise in population.[32] Major cultural areas of the pre-Columbian Americas:      Arctic      Northwest      Aridoamerica      Mesoamerica      Isthmo-Colombian      Caribbean      Amazon      AndesAfter the migration or migrations, it was several thousand years before the first complex societies arose, the earliest emerging about seven to eight thousand years ago.[citation needed] As early as 5500 BCE, people in the Lower Mississippi Valley at Monte Sano and other sites in present-day Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida were building complex earthwork mounds, probably for religious purposes. Beginning in the late twentieth century, archeologists have studied, analyzed, and dated these sites, realizing that the earliest complexes were built by hunter-gatherer societies, whose people occupied the sites on a seasonal basis.[38] Watson Brake, a large complex of eleven platform mounds, was constructed beginning in 3400 BCE and added to over 500 years. This has changed earlier assumptions that complex construction arose only after societies had adopted agriculture, and become sedentary, with stratified hierarchy and usually ceramics. These ancient people had organized to build complex mound projects under a different social structure. Until the accurate dating of Watson Brake and similar sites, the oldest mound complex was thought to be Poverty Point, also located in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Built about 1500 BCE, it is the centerpiece of a culture extending over 100 sites on both sides of the Mississippi. The Poverty Point site has earthworks in the form of six concentric half-circles, divided by radial aisles, together with some mounds. The entire complex is nearly a mile across. Mound building was continued by succeeding cultures, who built numerous sites in the middle Mississippi and Ohio River valleys as well, adding effigy mounds, conical and ridge mounds, and other shapes. The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures lasted from roughly 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. The term was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures. The Adena culture and the ensuing Hopewell tradition during this period built monumental earthwork architecture and established continent-spanning trade and exchange networks. This period is considered a developmental stage without any massive changes in a short period but instead has a continuous development in stone and bone tools, leatherworking, textile manufacture, tool production, cultivation, and shelter construction. Some Woodland people continued to use spears and atlatls until the end of the period when they were replaced by bows and arrows. The Mississippian culture was spread across the Southeast and Midwest of what is today the United States, from the Atlantic coast to the edge of the plains, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Upper Midwest, although most intensively in the area along the Mississippi River and Ohio River. One of the distinguishing features of this culture was the construction of complexes of large earthen mounds and grand plazas, continuing the mound-building traditions of earlier cultures. They grew maize and other crops intensively, participated in an extensive trade network, and had a complex stratified society. The Mississippians first appeared around 1000 CE, following and developing out of the less agriculturally intensive and less centralized Woodland period. The largest urban site of these people, Cahokia—located near modern East St. Louis, Illinois—may have reached a population of over 20,000. Other chiefdoms were constructed throughout the Southeast, and its trade networks reached to the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. At its peak, between the 12th and 13th centuries, Cahokia was the most populous city in North America. (Larger cities did exist in Mesoamerica and the Andes.) Monks Mound, the major ceremonial center of Cahokia, remains the largest earthen construction of the prehistoric Americas. The culture reached its peak in about 1200–1400 CE, and in most places, it seems to have been in decline before the arrival of Europeans.[citation needed] Many Mississippian peoples were encountered by the expedition of Hernando de Soto in the 1540s, mostly with disastrous results for both sides. Unlike the Spanish expeditions in Mesoamerica, which conquered vast empires with relatively few men, the de Soto expedition wandered the American Southeast for four years, becoming more bedraggled, losing more men and equipment, and eventually arriving in Mexico as a fraction of its original size. The local people fared much worse though, as the fatalities of diseases introduced by the expedition devastated the populations and produced much social disruption. By the time Europeans returned a hundred years later, nearly all of the Mississippian groups had vanished, and vast swaths of their territory were virtually uninhabited.[39] Monks Mound of Cahokia (UNESCO World Heritage Site) in summer. The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs. The Cliff Palace in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. The Ancestral Puebloans thrived in what is now the Four Corners region in the United States. It is commonly suggested that the culture of the Ancestral Puebloans emerged during the Early Basketmaker II Era during the 12th century BCE. The Ancestral Puebloans were a complex Oasisamerican society that constructed kivas, multi-story houses, and apartment blocks made from stone and adobe, such as the Cliff Palace of Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado and the Great Houses in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The Puebloans also constructed a road system that stretched from Chaco Canyon to Kutz Canyon in the San Juan Basin.[40] The Ancestral Puebloans are also known as "Anasazi", though the term is controversial, as the present-day Pueblo peoples consider the term to be derogatory, due to the word tracing its origins to a Navajo word meaning "ancestor enemies".[41] The Hohokam thrived in the Sonoran desert in what is now the U.S. state of Arizona and the Mexican state of Sonora. The Hohokam were responsible for the construction of a series of irrigation canals that led to the successful establishment of Phoenix, Arizona via the Salt River Project. The Hohokam also established complex settlements such as Snaketown, which served as an important commercial trading center. After 1375 CE, Hohokam society collapsed and the people abandoned their settlements, likely due to drought. The Mogollon resided in the present-day states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas as well as Sonora and Chihuahua. Like most other cultures in Oasisamerica, the Mogollon constructed sophisticated kivas and cliff dwellings. In the village of Paquimé, the Mogollon are revealed to have housed pens for scarlet macaws, which were introduced from Mesoamerica through trade.[42] The Sinagua were hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists who lived in central Arizona. Like the Hohokam, they constructed kivas and great houses as well as ballcourts. Several of the Sinagua ruins include Montezuma Castle, Wupatki, and Tuzigoot. The Salado resided in the Tonto Basin in southeastern Arizona from 1150 CE to the 15th century. Archaeological evidence suggests that they traded with far-away cultures, as evidenced by the presence of seashells from the Gulf of California and macaw feathers from Mexico. Most of the cliff dwellings constructed by the Salado are primarily located in Tonto National Monument. The Iroquois League of Nations or "People of the Long House" was a politically advanced, democratic society, which is thought by some historians to have influenced the United States Constitution,[43][44] with the Senate passing a resolution to this effect in 1988.[45] Other historians have contested this interpretation and believe the impact was minimal or did not exist, pointing to numerous differences between the two systems and the ample precedents for the constitution in European political thought.[46][47][48] The Calusa were a complex paramountcy/kingdom that resided in southern Florida. Instead of agriculture, the Calusa economy relied on abundant fishing. According to Spanish sources, the "king's house" at Mound Key was large enough to house 2,000 people.[49] The Calusa ultimately collapsed into extinction at around 1750 after succumbing to diseases introduced by the Spanish colonists. The Wichita people were a loose confederation that consisted of sedentary agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers who resided in the eastern Great Plains. They lived in permanent settlements and even established a city called Etzanoa, which had a population of 20,000 people. The city was eventually abandoned around the 18th century after it was encountered by Spanish conquistadors Jusepe Gutierrez and Juan de Oñate. Numerous pre-Columbian societies were sedentary, such as the Tlingit, Haida, Chumash, Mandan, Hidatsa, and others, and some established large settlements, even cities, such as Cahokia, in what is now Illinois. These Indigenous civilizations are credited with many inventions: building pyramid temples, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, writing, highly accurate calendars, fine arts, intensive agriculture, engineering, an abacus calculator, and complex theology. They also invented the wheel, but it was used solely as a toy. In addition, they used native copper, silver, and gold for metalworking. Archaic inscriptions on rocks and rock walls all over northern Mexico (especially in the state of Nuevo León) demonstrate an early propensity for counting. Their number system was base 20 and included zero. These early count markings were associated with astronomical events and underscore the influence that astronomical activities had upon Mesoamerican people before the arrival of Europeans. Many of the later Mesoamerican civilizations carefully built their cities and ceremonial centers according to specific astronomical events. The biggest Mesoamerican cities, such as Teotihuacan, Tenochtitlan, and Cholula, were among the largest in the world. These cities grew as centers of commerce, ideas, ceremonies, and theology, and they radiated influence outwards onto neighboring cultures in central Mexico. While many city-states, kingdoms, and empires competed with one another for power and prestige, Mesoamerica can be said to have had five major civilizations: the Olmecs, Teotihuacan, the Toltecs, the Mexica, and the Mayas. These civilizations (except for the politically fragmented Maya) extended their reach across Mesoamerica—and beyond—like no others. They consolidated power and distributed influence in matters of trade, art, politics, technology, and theology. Other regional power players made economic and political alliances with these civilizations over 4,000 years. Many made war with them, but almost all peoples found themselves within one of their spheres of influence. Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica have been the subject of considerable research. There is evidence of trade routes starting as far north as the Mexico Central Plateau, and going down to the Pacific coast. These trade routes and cultural contacts then went on as far as Central America. These networks operated with various interruptions from pre-Olmec times and up to the Late Classical Period (600–900 CE). The earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica is the Olmec. This civilization established the cultural blueprint by which all succeeding indigenous civilizations would follow in Mexico. Pre-Olmec civilization began with the production of pottery in abundance, around 2300 BCE in the Grijalva River delta. Between 1600 and 1500 BCE, the Olmec civilization had begun, with the consolidation of power at their capital, a site today known as San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán near the coast in southeast Veracruz.[51] The Olmec influence extended across Mexico, into Central America, and along the Gulf of Mexico. They transformed many peoples' thinking toward a new way of government, pyramid temples, writing, astronomy, art, mathematics, economics, and religion. Their achievements paved the way for the Maya civilization and the civilizations in central Mexico. The decline of the Olmec resulted in a power vacuum in Mexico. Emerging from that vacuum was Teotihuacan, first settled in 300 BCE. By 150 CE, Teotihuacan had risen to become the first true metropolis of what is now called North America. Teotihuacan established a new economic and political order never before seen in Mexico. Its influence stretched across Mexico into Central America, founding new dynasties in the Maya cities of Tikal, Copan, and Kaminaljuyú. Teotihuacan's influence over the Maya civilization cannot be overstated: it transformed political power, artistic depictions, and the nature of economics. Within the city of Teotihuacan was a diverse and cosmopolitan population. Most of the regional ethnicities of Mexico were represented in the city, such as Zapotecs from the Oaxaca region. They lived in apartment communities where they worked their trades and contributed to the city's economic and cultural prowess. Teotihuacan's economic pull impacted areas in northern Mexico as well. It was a city whose monumental architecture reflected a monumental new era in Mexican civilization, declining in political power about 650 CE—but lasting in cultural influence for the better part of a millennium, to around 950 CE. Contemporary Teotihuacan's greatness was that of the Maya civilization. The period between 250 CE and 650 CE was a time of intense flourishing of Maya civilized accomplishments. While the many Maya city-states never achieved political unity on the order of the central Mexican civilizations, they exerted tremendous intellectual influence upon Mexico and Central America. The Maya built some of the most elaborate cities on the continent and made innovations in mathematics, astronomy, and calendrics. The Maya also developed the only true writing system[citation needed] native to the Americas using pictographs and syllabic elements in the form of texts and codices inscribed on stone, pottery, wood, or perishable books made from bark paper. The Huastecs were a Maya ethnic group that migrated northwards to the Gulf Coast of Mexico.[52] The Huastecs are considered to be distinct from the Maya civilization, as they separated from the main Maya branch at around 2000 BCE and did not possess the Maya script.[53][54] Other accounts also suggest that the Huastecs migrated as a result of the Classic Maya collapse around the year 900 CE. The Zapotecs were a civilization that thrived in the Oaxaca Valley from the late 6th century BCE until their downfall at the hands of the Spanish conquistadors. The city of Monte Albán was an important religious center for the Zapotecs and served as the capital of the empire from 700 BCE to 700 CE. The Zapotecs resisted the expansion of the Aztecs until they were subjugated in 1502 under Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, the Zapotecs resisted Spanish rule until King Cosijopii I surrendered in 1563. Like the Zapotecs, the Mixtecs thrived in the Oaxaca Valley. The Mixtecs consisted of separate independent kingdoms and city-states, rather than a single unified empire. The Mixtecs would eventually be conquered by the Aztecs until the Spanish conquest. The Mixtecs saw the Spanish conquest as an opportunity for liberation and established agreements with the conquistadors that allowed them to preserve their cultural traditions, though relatively few sections resisted Spanish rule. The Totonac civilization was concentrated in the present-day states of Veracruz and Puebla. The Totonacs were responsible for the establishment of cities, such as El Tajín as important commercial trading centers. The Totonacs would later assist in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire as an opportunity to liberate themselves from Aztec military imperialism. The Toltec civilization was established in the 8th century CE. The Toltec Empire expanded its political borders to as far south as the Yucatán peninsula, including the Maya city of Chichen Itza. The Toltecs established vast trading relations with other Mesoamerican civilizations in Central America and the Puebloans in present-day New Mexico. During the Post-Classic era, the Toltecs suffered a subsequent collapse in the early 12th century, due to famine and civil war.[55] The Toltec civilization was so influential to the point where many groups such as the Aztecs claimed to be descended from.[56][57] With the decline of the Toltec civilization came political fragmentation in the Valley of Mexico. Into this new political game of contenders to the Toltec throne stepped outsiders: the Mexica. They were also a desert people, one of seven groups who formerly called themselves "Azteca", in memory of Aztlán, but they changed their name after years of migrating. Since they were not from the Valley of Mexico, they were initially seen as crude and unrefined in the ways of the Nahua civilization. Through political maneuvers and ferocious martial skills, they managed to rule Mexico as the head of the 'Triple Alliance' which included two other Aztec cities, Tetxcoco and Tlacopan. Latecomers to Mexico's central plateau, the Mexica thought of themselves, nevertheless, as heirs of the civilizations that had preceded them. For them, arts, sculpture, architecture, engraving, feather-mosaic work, and the calendar, were bequest from the former inhabitants of Tula, the Toltecs. The Mexica-Aztecs were the rulers of much of central Mexico by about 1400 (while Yaquis, Coras, and Apaches commanded sizable regions of northern desert), having subjugated most of the other regional states by the 1470s. At their peak, the Valley of Mexico where the Aztec Empire presided, saw a population growth that included nearly 1 million people during the late Aztec period (1350–1519).[58] Their capital, Tenochtitlan, is the site of modern-day Mexico City. At its peak, it was one of the largest cities in the world with population estimates of 200,000–300,000.[59] The market established there was the largest ever seen by the conquistadores on arrival. Initially, the lands that would someday comprise the lands of the powerful Tarascan Empire were inhabited by several independent communities. Around 1300, however, the first Cazonci, Tariacuri, united these communities and built them into one of the most advanced civilizations in Mesoamerica. Their capital at Tzintzuntzan was just one of the many cities—there were ninety more under its control. The Tarascan Empire was among the largest in Central America, so it is no surprise that they routinely came into conflict with the neighboring Aztec Empire. Out of all the civilizations in its area, the Tarascan Empire was the most prominent in metallurgy, harnessing copper, silver, and gold to create items such as tools, decorations, and even weapons and armor. Bronze was also used. The great victories over the Aztecs by the Tarascans cannot be understated. Nearly every war they fought in resulted in a Tarascan victory. Because the Tarascan Empire had little links to the former Toltec Empire, they were also quite independent in culture from their neighbors. The Aztecs, Tlaxcaltec, Olmec, Mixtec, Maya, and others were very similar to each other, however. This is because they were all directly preceded by the Toltecs, and they therefore shared almost identical cultures. The Tarascans, however, possessed a unique religion, as well as other things.[vague] Tlaxcala was a Nahua republic and confederation in central Mexico. The Tlaxcalans fiercely resisted Aztec expansion during the Flower Wars ever since the Aztecs expelled them from Lake Texcoco. The Tlaxcalans would later ally with the Spanish conquistadors under Hernán Cortés as an opportunity to liberate them from the Aztecs and managed to successfully conquer the Aztecs with the help of the conquistadors. The Spaniards would reward the Tlaxcalans for preserving their culture and for their assistance in defeating the Aztecs. The Tlaxcalans would once again assist to the Spaniards during the Mixtón War and the conquest of Guatemala.[60] Cuzcatlan was a Pipil confederacy of kingdoms and city-states located in present-day El Salvador. According to legend, Cuzcatlan was established by Toltec migrants during the Classic Maya collapse in approximately 1200 CE. During the Spanish conquest of El Salvador, Cuzcatlan was forced to surrender to conquistador Pedro de Alvarado in 1528. The Lenca people were composed of several distinct multilingual confederations and city-states in present-day El Salvador and Honduras. Cities such as Yarumela were important commercial centers for the Lenca. During the Spanish conquest, several Lenca leaders such as Lempira resisted conversion to Christianity, while others converted peacefully. An offshoot of the Pipil people from El Salvador, the Nicarao people were a tribal confederation that flourished in present-day Nicaragua. The migration of the Nicarao is theorized to have led to the fall of the city of Teotihuacan and the Toltec city of Tula. The Nicarao civilization was disestablished during the Spanish conquest of Nicaragua in 1522. The Nicoya kingdom was an elective monarchy that thrived in the Nicoya peninsula in Costa Rica.[61] It existed from 800 CE until the Spanish arrival in the 16th century. Muisca raft. The figure refers to the ceremony of the legend of El Dorado. By the first millennium, South America's vast rainforests, mountains, plains, and coasts were the home of millions of people. Estimates vary, but 30–50 million are often given, and 100 million by some estimates. Some groups formed permanent settlements. Among those groups were Chibcha-speaking peoples ("Muisca" or "Muysca"), Valdivia, Quimbaya, Calima, Marajoara culture, and the Tairona. The Muisca of Colombia, postdating the Herrera Period, Valdivia of Ecuador, the Quechuas, and the Aymara of Peru and Bolivia were the four most important sedentary Amerindian groups in South America. Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest, Brazil, supporting Spanish accounts of complex and ancient Amazonian civilizations, such as Kuhikugu.[62][63] The Upano Valley sites in present-day eastern Ecuador predate all known complex Amazonian societies.[64] The theory of pre-Columbian contact across the South Pacific Ocean between South America and Polynesia has received support from several lines of evidence, although solid confirmation remains elusive. A diffusion by human agents has been put forward to explain the pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of several cultivated plant species native to South America, such as the bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) or sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Direct archaeological evidence for such pre-Columbian contacts and transport has not emerged. Similarities noted in the names of edible roots in Maori and Ecuadorian languages ("kumari") and Melanesian and Chilean ("gaddu") have been inconclusive.[65] A 2007 paper published in PNAS put forward DNA and archaeological evidence that domesticated chickens had been introduced into South America via Polynesia by late pre-Columbian times.[66] These findings were challenged by a later study published in the same journal, that cast doubt on the dating calibration used and presented alternative mtDNA analyses that disagreed with a Polynesian genetic origin.[67] The origin and dating remain an open issue. Whether or not early Polynesian–American exchanges occurred, no compelling human-genetic, archaeological, cultural, or linguistic legacy of such contact has turned up. On the north-central coast of present-day Peru, Norte Chico or Caral (as known in Peru) was a civilization that emerged around 3000 BCE (contemporary with urbanism's rise in Mesopotamia).[50] It had a cluster of large-scale urban settlements of which the Sacred City of Caral, in the Supe Valley, is one of the largest and best-studied sites. The civilization did not know machinery or pottery but still managed to develop trade, especially cotton and dehydrated fish. It was a hierarchical society that managed its ecosystems and had intercultural exchange. Its economy was heavily dependent on agriculture and fishing on the nearby coast.[68] It is considered one of the cradles of civilization in the world[50] and Caral is the oldest known civilization in the Americas.[69] The Valdivia culture was concentrated on the coast of Ecuador. Their existence was recently discovered by archeological findings. Their culture is among the oldest found in the Americas, spanning from 3500 to 1800 BCE. The Valdivia lived in a community of houses built in a circle or oval around a central plaza. They were sedentary people who lived off farming and fishing, though occasionally they hunted for deer. From the remains that have been found, scholars have determined that Valdivians cultivated maize, kidney beans, squash, cassava, chili peppers, and cotton plants, the last of which was used to make clothing. Valdivian pottery initially was rough and practical, but it became showy, delicate, and big over time. They generally used red and gray colors, and the polished dark red pottery is characteristic of the Valdivia period. In its ceramics and stone works, the Valdivia culture shows a progression from the most simple to much more complicated works. The Cañari were the indigenous natives of today's Ecuadorian provinces of Cañar and Azuay. They were an elaborate civilization with advanced architecture and complex religious beliefs. The Inca destroyed and burned most of their remains. The Cañari's old city was replaced twice, first by the Incan city of Tumebamba and later on the same site by the colonial city of Cuenca. The city was also believed to be the site of El Dorado, the city of gold from the mythology of Colombia. The Cañari were most notable for having repelled the Incan invasion with fierce resistance for many years until they fell to Tupac Yupanqui. Many of their descendants are still present in Cañar. The majority did not mix with the colonists or become Mestizos. Larco Museum houses the largest private collection of pre-Columbian art. Lima, Peru. The Chavín, a Peruvian preliterate civilization, established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BCE, according to some estimates and archeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters (10,423 ft). The Chavín civilization spanned from 900 to 300 BCE. The Chibcha-speaking communities were the most numerous, the most territorially extended and the most socio-economically developed of the pre-Hispanic Colombians. By the 8th century, the indigenous people had established their civilization in the northern Andes. At one point, the Chibchas occupied part of what is now Panama, and the high plains of the Eastern Sierra of Colombia. The areas that they occupied in Colombia were the present-day Departments of Santander (North and South), Boyacá, and Cundinamarca. This is where the first farms and industries were developed. It is also where the independence movement originated. They are currently the richest areas in Colombia. The Chibcha developed the most populous zone between the Maya region and the Inca Empire. Next to the Quechua of Peru and the Aymara in Bolivia, the Chibcha of the eastern and north-eastern Highlands of Colombia developed the most notable culture among the sedentary Indigenous peoples in South America. In the Colombian Andes, the Chibcha comprised several tribes who spoke similar languages (Chibcha). They included the following: the Muisca, Guane, Lache, Cofán, and Chitareros. The Tairona civilization thrived in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range in northern Colombia. Studies suggest that the civilization thrived from the 1st century CE until the Spanish arrival in the 16th century. The descendants of the Tairona, such as the Kogi were one of the few indigenous groups in the Americas to have escaped full colonial conquest and retain a majority of their indigenous cultures. The Moche thrived on the north coast of Peru from about 100 to 800 CE. The heritage of the Moche is seen in their elaborate burials. Some were recently excavated by UCLA's Christopher B. Donnan in association with the National Geographic Society. As skilled artisans, the Moche were a technologically advanced people. They traded with distant peoples such as the Maya. What has been learned about the Moche is based on the study of their ceramic pottery; the carvings reveal details of their daily lives. The Larco Museum of Lima, Peru, has an extensive collection of such ceramics. They show that the people practiced human sacrifice, had blood-drinking rituals and that their religion incorporated non-procreative sexual practices (such as fellatio). The Wari Empire was located in the western portion of Peru and existed from the 6th century to the 11th century. Wari, as the former capital city was called, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) northeast of the city of Ayacucho. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of Peru. The best-preserved remnants, besides the Wari Ruins, are the recently discovered Northern Wari ruins near the city of Chiclayo, and Cerro Baul in Moquegua. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of Pikillaqta ("Flea Town"), a short distance southeast of the Cusco en route to Lake Titicaca. The Tiwanaku empire was based in western Bolivia and extended into present-day Peru and Chile from 300 to 1000 CE. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important South American civilizations before the birth of the Inca Empire in Peru; it was the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of Lake Titicaca in Tiwanaku Municipality, Ingavi Province, La Paz Department, about 72 kilometres (45 mi) west of La Paz. Holding their capital at the great cougar-shaped city of Cusco, Peru, the Inca civilization dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as Tawantinsuyu, or "the land of the four regions", in Quechua, the Inca civilization was highly distinct and developed. Inca rule extended to nearly a hundred linguistic or ethnic communities, some 9 to 14 million people connected by a 40,000-kilometer road system. Cities were built with precise stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. Terrace farming was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful brain surgery in the Inca civilization. The Aymara kingdoms consisted of a confederation of separate diarchies that lasted from 1151 after the fall of Tiwanaku until 1477 when they were conquered by the Inca Empire. The Aymara kingdoms were primarily located in the Altiplano in Bolivia as well as some parts of Peru and Chile. Archeologists have discovered evidence of the earliest known inhabitants of the Venezuelan area in the form of leaf-shaped flake tools, together with chopping and plano–convex scraping implements exposed on the high riverine terraces of the Pedregal River in western Venezuela.[70] Late Pleistocene hunting artifacts, including spear tips, come from a similar site in northwestern Venezuela known as El Jobo. According to radiocarbon dating, these date from 13,000 to 7000 BCE.[71] Taima-Taima, yellow Muaco, and El Jobo in Falcón are some of the sites that have yielded archeological material from these times.[72] These groups co-existed with megafauna like megatherium, glyptodonts, and toxodonts. A palafito like the ones seen by Amerigo VespucciIt is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish Conquest; it may have been around a million people,[73] in addition to today's peoples included groups such as the Arawaks, Caribs, and Timoto-cuicas. The number was much reduced after the Conquest, mainly through the spread of new diseases from Europe.[73] There were two main north–south axes of the pre-Columbian population, producing maize in the west and manioc in the east.[73] Large parts of the Llanos plains were cultivated through a combination of slash-and-burn and permanent settled agriculture basically maize and tobacco.[73] The indigenous peoples of Venezuela had already encountered crude oils and asphalts that seeped up through the ground to the surface. Known to the locals as mene, the thick, black liquid was primarily used for medicinal purposes, as an illumination source, and for the caulking of canoes.[74] In the 16th century when Spanish colonization began in Venezuelan territory, the population of several indigenous peoples such as the Mariches (descendants of the Caribes) declined. The Diaguita consisted of several distinct chiefdoms across the Argentine Northwest. The Diaguita culture emerged around 1000 CE after the replacement of the Las Ánimas complex.[75] The Diaguita resisted Spanish colonialism during the Calchaquí Wars until they were forced to surrender and submit to Spanish rule in 1667.[76] The Taíno people were fragmented into numerous chiefdoms across the Greater Antilles, the Lucayan Archipelago, and the northern Lesser Antilles. The Taíno were the first pre-Columbian people to encounter Christopher Columbus during his voyage in 1492.[77] The Taíno would later be subject to slavery by the Spanish colonists under the encomienda system until they were deemed virtually extinct in 1565. The Huetar people were a major ethnic group that lived in Costa Rica. The Huetar were composed of several independent kingdoms, such as the western kingdom ruled by Garabito and the eastern kingdom ruled by El Guarco and Correque. After their annexation into Spanish administration, the descendants of the Huetar currently reside in the Quitirrisí reserve. The Marajoara culture flourished on Marajó Island at the mouth of the Amazon River in northern Brazil between 800 and 1400 CE. The Marajoara consisted of a complex society that built mounds and constructed sophisticated settlements. The indigenous people of the area adopted methods of large-scale agriculture through the use of terra preta, which would support complex chiefdoms. Studies suggest that the civilization housed around 100,000 inhabitants. Located in the Xingu Indigenous Park in Brazil, Kuhikugu consisted of an urban complex that housed around 50,000 inhabitants and 20 settlements. The civilization was likely established by the ancestors of the Kuikuro people. The people also constructed roads, bridges, and trenches for defensive purposes and were purported to be farmers, as evidenced by the fields of cassava and the use of terra preta. Like most other Amazonian civilizations, the disappearance of Kuhikugu was largely attributed to Old World diseases introduced by European colonists.[78] Also known as the Omagua, Umana, and Kambeba, the Cambeba are an indigenous people in Brazil's Amazon basin. The Cambeba were a populous, organized society in the late pre-Columbian era whose population suffered a steep decline in the early years of the Columbian Exchange. The Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana traversed the Amazon River during the 16th century and reported densely populated regions running hundreds of kilometers along the river. These populations left no lasting monuments, possibly because they used local wood as their construction material as stone was not locally available. While it is possible Orellana may have exaggerated the level of development among the Amazonians, their semi-nomadic descendants have the odd distinction among tribal indigenous societies of a hereditary, yet landless, aristocracy. Archaeological evidence has revealed the continued presence of semi-domesticated orchards, as well as vast areas of land enriched with terra preta. Both of these discoveries, along with Cambeba ceramics discovered within the same archaeological levels suggest that a large and organized civilization existed in the area.[79] In the Upano River valley of eastern Ecuador, several cities were established by the Upano and Kilamope cultures around 500 BCE.[80][81] The cities in the Upano Valley consisted of agricultural societies that cultivated crops such as corn, manioc and sweet potato. The cities fell into decline around 600 CE.[82] Early inhabitants of the Americas developed agriculture, developing and breeding wild maize (corn) from ears 2–5 cm (0.8–2.0 in) in length to the current size that is familiar today. Potatoes, cassava, tomatoes, tomatillos (a husked green tomato), pumpkins, chili peppers, squash, beans, pineapple, sweet potatoes, the grains quinoa and amaranth, cocoa beans, vanilla, onion, peanuts, strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, papaya, and avocados were among other plants grown by natives. Over two-thirds of all types of food crops grown worldwide are native to the Americas.[citation needed] Early Indigenous peoples began using fire in a widespread manner. Intentional burning of vegetation was taken up to mimic the effects of natural fires that tended to clear forest understories, thereby making travel easier and facilitating the growth of herbs and berry-producing plants that were important for both food and medicines. This created the pre-Columbian savannas of North America.[83] While not as widespread as in Afro-Eurasia, indigenous Americans did have livestock. 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(2016) Toltecáyotl: Aspectos de la cultura náhuatl. Fondo de Cultura Economica [4] ^ Smith, Michael E. (1997). "Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire". Scientific American. 277 (3): 76–83. Bibcode:1997SciAm.277c..76S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0997-76. ISSN 0036-8733. JSTOR 24995914. ^ Levy, Buddy (2008). Conquistador: Hernán Cortés, King Montezuma, and the last stand of the Aztecs. Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. p. 106. ISBN 978-0553384710. ^ Molina Jiménez, Iván (1997). Historia de Costa Rica: breve, actualizada y con ilustraciones (in Spanish). Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica. p. 148. ISBN 9977674116. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ Romero, Simon (January 14, 2012). "Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World". The New York Times. ^ Pärssinen, Martti; Schaan, Denise; Ranzi, Alceu (December 2009). "Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia". Antiquity. 83 (322): 1084–1095. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00099373. S2CID 55741813. ^ "Remnants of Sprawling Ancient Cities Are Found in the Amazon". The New York Times. 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-01-30. ^ Christian, F. W. (1923). "The Story of the Kumara". Journal of the Polynesian Society. 32 (128): 255. Archived from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2013-12-15. ^ Storey, Alice A.; Ramírez, José Miguel; Quiroz, Daniel; et al. (June 2007). "Radiocarbon and DNA evidence for a pre-Columbian introduction of Polynesian chickens to Chile". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (25): 10335–10339. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10410335S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703993104. PMC 1965514. PMID 17556540. ^ Gongora, Jaime; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Mobegi, Victor A.; et al. (July 29, 2008). "Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (30): 10308–10313. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10510308G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801991105. PMC 2492461. PMID 18663216. ^ "Caral, cradle of the oldest civilization in America". www.peru.travel. Retrieved 2 May 2022. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Sacred City of Caral-Supe". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-05-02. Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. p. 91. ISBN 0-306-46158-7. ^ a b c d Wunder, Sven (2003), Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries, Routledge. p. 130. ^ Anibal Martinez (1969). Chronology of Venezuelan Oil. Purnell and Sons. ^ Lorandi, A.M. (1988). "Los diaguitas y el tawantinsuyu: Una hipótesis de conflicto". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). La frontera del estado Inca (in Spanish). pp. 197–214. ^ "Ancient Amazon Actually Highly Urbanized". scientificamerican.com. 28 August 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ Forero, Juan (September 5, 2010). "Scientists find evidence discrediting theory Amazon was virtually unlivable". Washington Post. ^ Wade, Lizzie (11 January 2024). "Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago". Science. doi:10.1126/science.zzti03q. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ Rannard, Georgina (11 January 2024). "Huge ancient lost city found in the Amazon". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ "Valley of lost cities that flourished 2,000 years ago found in Amazon". The Guardian. 11 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024. ^ Owen, Wayne (December 8, 2013). "Chapter 2 (TERRA–2): The History of Native Plant Communities in the South". Southern Forest Resource Assessment Final Report. United States Department of Agriculture, United States Forest Service, Southern Research Station. Brown, Michael D.; Hosseini, Seyed H.; Torroni, Antonio; et al. (December 1998). "mtDNA haplogroup X: An ancient link between Europe/Western Asia and North America?". American Journal of Human Genetics. 63 (6): 1852–1861. doi:10.1086/302155. PMC 1377656. PMID 9837837. Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (1987). Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic: 1229–1492. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-333-40382-2. Schurr, Theodore G.; Ballinger, Scott W.; Gan, Yik-Yuen; et al. (March 1990). "Amerindian mitochondrial DNAs have rare Asian mutations at high frequencies, suggesting they derived from four primary maternal lineages". American Journal of Human Genetics. 46 (3): 613–623. PMC 1683611. PMID 1968708. Wright, Ronald (2005). Stolen Continents: 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-49240-4. Look up pre-columbian era in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This page was last edited on 14 May 2024, at 21:23 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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Little apple cobbler cakes in ramekins. So cute and so moist. I love the ginger, brandy and vanilla bean that all add additional flavor to this recipe. 1/4 cup (1/2 stick) unsalted margarine 4-5 medium apples (such as Honeycrisp or Granny Smith; about 2 1/3 pound), peeled, cored, cut into 1/2-inch cubes 1/2 cup (packed) light brown sugar 1 teaspoon ground ginger 1/2 vanilla bean, split lengthwise 1/4 cup apricot jam 1/4 cup brandy 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice 1/2 cup slivered almonds 1/4 cup potato starch 1/4 cup powdered sugar 1/4 cup sugar 1/4 teaspoons ground ginger 3 large egg whites, room temperature 1/4 cup (1/2 stick) unsalted margarine, melted Pareve Vanilla ice cream Six 5-6-ounces ramekins or custard cups To make the filling: Melt margarine in a large heavy skillet over medium heat. Add apples, brown sugar, and ginger. Scrape in seeds from vanilla bean (reserve bean for another use). Cook, stirring often, until apples are just tender, about 5 minutes. Add jam, brandy, and lemon juice. Stir until liquid is reduced by half, about 3 minutes. Divide filling among ramekins. To make the Topping Pulse almonds, potato starch, and powdered sugar in a food processor until almonds are finely ground. Whisk sugar and ginger in a large bowl. Using an electric mixer, add egg whites one at a time to sugar mixture, beating to blend between additions. With mixer running, gradually beat in hot melted margarine. Fold in almond mixture (topping will be thin). Preheat oven to 350°. Pour topping over filling in ramekins, dividing equally. Place ramekins on a rimmed baking sheet. Bake until topping is puffed and tops of cakes are golden brown, 25-30 minutes. Let cool for at least 15 minutes. Serve warm, topped with a small scoop of pareve ice cream.

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Make your journey more convenient with this Travel Blue 051 Folding Carry Bag. With its smart design, this folding bag converts into a full-sized tote bag in no time. Its lightweight and spacious construction is perfect for you to carry things around while traveling. Established over 25 years ago, Travel Blue is a brand committed to making high-quality travel accessories. With a worldwide presence, the collection features a range of versatile, practical products, created with an aim to make traveling comfortable and safer. material & care composition & use delivery & returns If your order is $89.00 and above: If your purchase order is below $89.00: It’s OK if you change your mind, we offer 30 days, no fuss free returns.

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Age & Gender: 39 Year Old Man Height: 5' 11" (180 cm) Body Type: Muscular Religion: Christian - Baptist Zodiac Sign: Scorpio My Interest Keywords / Tags Am a Cool ,respectful, and comprehensive man.Who really wants to experience love in its full sense.I am very social,an outgoing person. I am well balanced in my life. I am a man of true character who believes in giving everyone a fair chance. My Perfect First Date decent and charming To contact mrloverman you MUST meet the following criteria: You must have a profile picture. Be the First to Comment mrloverman:

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Ok then what you want is a MOSFET:http://www.societyofrobots.com/electronics_tutorial.shtml#mosfet Ok I admit that tutorial kinda sucks, been too lazy to rewrite it though . . . here is another tutorial that uses MOSFETS:http://www.societyofrobots.com/schematics_h-bridgedes.shtml Basically you apply your signal to the gate of the mosfet, and put the other two leads (drain and source) in serious with your 3000V power supply. Basically the gate acts as an electronic on/off switch for your 3000V power supply. So all you do then is apply your square wave pulse to the gate. You can do this with a simple function generator if you have it, or with a 555 timer IC, or with a microcontroller with very simple programming. Simple as in it is the same as the code to make an LED blink fast. You probably should amplify the voltage (with an op-amp) from your signal to the mosfet gate to like ~20V just to make the mosfet more efficient. Higher gate voltages means higher efficiency and less overheating. signal generator ---- op-amp ----- mosfet | Load resistance Just one side comment, you do realize that your circuit will be drawing an insane 1250 watts?!? (power=2500V*.130A=1250W) Anyway let me know if you have questions, I kind of breezed by on this and didnt explain it that well.

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Sunday, May 16th, 2021, 1pm ET, online only! This is a ticketed event: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/151113385203 Join the renowned Dr. Jane Goodall and New York Times bestselling author Peter Wohlleben for an uplifting conversation about the natural world, in celebration of Wohlleben’s new book the Heartbeat of Trees. Moderated by Donna Seaman. Gibson's Bookstore joins Books & Books (in Coral Gables, Florida) and bookstores across the country for this exclusive conversation and book launch. Signed bookplates will go to the first 50 book/ticket bundle registrants. - Book/ticket bundle (shipped): Event entry + a copy of The Heartbeat of Trees: $30.94 ($26.95 + $3.99 US domestic media mail shipping). Books will be shipped starting on May 17th. - Book/ticket bundle (local pickup): Event entry + a copy of The Heartbeat of Trees: ($26.95). Books may be picked up at Gibson's Bookstore starting on May 17th. - General entry (ticket only, no book): $5 Gibson's is pleased to be permitted to release The Heartbeat of Trees to ticket-buyers 2 weeks early ahead of it's June 1st general publication date. Please note: Due to the pandemic the post office is being challenged by increased volume, staffing issues, and safety measures. Most orders within the US deliver in about ten business days from the date the book ships. International orders usually take longer and vary depending on the country of destination. We cannot guarantee the exact date of delivery, however, will do our best to make it as swift as possible. Thank you for your understanding. FROM THE AUTHOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER, THE HIDDEN LIFE OF TREES A powerful return to the forest, where trees have heartbeats and roots are like brains that extend underground. Where the color green calms us, and the forest sharpens our senses. AN INSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER With more than 2 million copies sold worldwide, this beautifully-written book journeys deep into the forest to uncover the fascinating--and surprisingly moving--hidden life of trees.

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### 문서: 한명숙 - 대한민국 최초의 여성 총리 #### 초반 생애 및 교육 한명숙은 1944년 3월 24일 대한민국 전라남도 진도에서 태어났습니다. 그녀는 숙명여자대학교에서 영어영문학을 전공하며 학업에 매진하였으며, 이후 여러 사회운동에 참여하며 정치적 신념과 리더십을 길러 나갔습니다. #### 정치 경력 한명숙은 한국의 진보 정당인 열린우리당 소속으로 정치 경력을 시작했습니다. 그녀는 여성운동가로서의 배경을 살려 여성의 권익 향상과 사회적 약자의 보호를 위한 다양한 법안을 추진하였고, 이러한 활동을 통해 폭넓은 지지를 얻어 나갔습니다. 2003년 한명숙은 환경부 장관으로 임명되어 환경 보호와 지속 가능한 발전을 위한 정책을 추진하는 데 중점을 두었습니다. 그녀의 환경 정책은 국제적으로도 인정받으며 한국의 녹색 성장을 선도하는 데 기여했습니다. #### 총리 임명 2006년 4월, 한명숙은 대한민국의 제33대 국무총리로 임명되었습니다. 그녀는 이로써 대한민국 역사상 최초의 여성 총리가 되었으며, 이는 한국 정치에서 여성의 위치와 역할이 크게 향상되었음을 상징하는 중대한 사건이었습니다. 총리로서 한명숙은 경제 정책, 사회 복지 개선, 교육 혁신 등 다양한 국정 과제를 적극적으로 추진하였습니다. 그녀의 리더십 하에 대한민국은 여러 경제적 어려움을 극복하고 국민 삶의 질을 개선하는 데 진전을 이루었습니다. #### 후기 경력 총리직을 물러난 후, 한명숙은 계속해서 사회적, 정치적 활동에 참여하며 특히 여성의 정치 참여 확대와 사회적 약자의 권익 신장에 기여하였습니다. 여러 국제 회의와 포럼에 참석하여 글로벌 이슈에 대한 한국의 입장을 효과적으로 전달하며 국제사회에서 대한민국의 위상을 높이는 데도 기여했습니다. #### 유산 한명숙의 공직 생활은 국내외적으로 여성 리더의 모범이 되었으며, 그녀의 성공은 이후 수많은 여성들이 정치적 리더십을 발휘할 수 있는 길을 마련해 주었습니다. 부단한 노력과 헌신을 통해 대한민국의 사회와 정치, 경제 분야에서 중요한 변화를 이끌어낸 한명숙은 오늘날에도 많은 이들에게 존경과 영감을 주고 있는 인물로 기억됩니다.

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Modway Furniture Encircle Chandelier EEI-1574 Cruise on a light-filled course with the Encircle Chandelier. Supported by four rope cords with steel hooks, and adorned with a magnificent array of eight bulbs, Encircle takes you from one lap in the journey to the next with distinction. Held by an adjustable steel chain, and designed to imbue momentum over your entire dining room, dine amongst friends and family while seated in front of this radiant tour of positivity. The Encircle Chandelier works best in rustic, ranch, vintage modern, industrial modern, and other transitional decors. One - Encircle Chandelier |Overall Product Dimensions ||31.5"L x 31.5"W x 31.5"H |Bottom to the Top of the Shade |Width of Shade

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AMF::Connection::InputStream - A simple pure perl implementation of an input binary stream # ... my $stream = new AMF::Connection::InputStream($binary_buffer_or_string); my $stream_with_options = new AMF::Connection::InputStream($binary_buffer_or_string, 'prefer_number, json_boolean'); my $int = $stream->readInt(); my $long = $stream->readLong(); # .. The AMF::Connection::InputStream class is a simple pure perl implementation of an input binary stream. See Storable::AMF0 documentation. Storable::AMF0, Data::AMF::IO, AMF::Perl::IO::InputStream Alberto Attilio Reggiori, <areggiori at cpan dot org> Copyright (C) 2010-2011 by Alberto Attilio Reggiori This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.10.0 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.

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630 votes have been cast thusfar. Thanks for your participation. Here are the results right now: Haven’t registered your opinion yet? It’s not too late. Take the survey below and discuss how your fellow Peach Pundit readers got it right or wrong in the comments. Final results will be posted tomorrow morning.

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Food2Fork makes it easy to find great recipes. Search by name or ingredients. View Top Socially Ranked Recipes. Tim's Sausage Stew - 1 tablespoon butter - 2 pounds sausages, sliced into coin size pieces - 1 tablespoon all-purpose flour - 8 cups chicken broth - 1 (28 ounce) can peeled and diced tomatoes with juice - 1 teaspoon dried basil - 1 tablespoon dried oregano - 3 zucchini, sliced - 1/2 cup acini di pepe pasta Directions:View on All Recipes Why don't we display directions? |Serving Size 1/6 of a recipe| |Amount Per Serving| |Total Fat 57.2g| |Saturated Fat 20.9g| |Total Carbohydrate 27.7g| |Dietary Fiber 3.3g| |* The Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet, so your values may change depending on your calorie needs. The values here may not be 100% accurate because the recipes have not been professionally evaluated nor have they been evaluated by the U.S. FDA.|

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Smith's Food & Drug Ctr, 224 Paseo Del Pueblo Sur, Taos, Taos, New Mexico, Food Grocery Stores, Retail Bakeries, Dairy, Candy & Nut, Fruit & Vegetable, Meat & Fish Markets New Mexico - List of United States Miscellaneous Food Stores, Drinks, Retail Bakeries, Frozen Meat & Fish Markets Smith's Food & Drug Ctr Company Name:Smith's Food & Drug Ctr Status:Work State:New Mexico Post:87571-6413 County:Taos City:Taos Address:224 Paseo Del Pueblo Sur Phone:(505)758-3711 Fax: unknown Email: unknown Contact Manager:Lloyd Guiterrez Web site: unknown SIC code:541105 Industry group: FOOD STORES, Business category: GROCERY STORES, Subcategory: GROCERS-RETAIL Employees:128 Gross Annual Sales (Revenue):USD $ 23,296,000 Description:Smith's Food & Drug Ctr is a business categorized under grocers-retail, which is part of the larger category grocery stores. Smith's Food & Drug Ctr is located at the address 224 Paseo Del Pueblo Sur in Taos, New Mexico 87571-6413. The Manager is Lloyd Guiterrez who can be contacted at (505)758-3711. Was this article helpful? Yes -0 No -0Click here to Inform about a mistake7 Rating: Location Google map & Street view: Smith's Food & Drug Ctr Click here add new review about: Smith's Food & Drug Ctr (Meat, Fish, Fruit, Grocery Food Stores)

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First time to Kettlebells? Start with this class to build a safe foundation for your fitness with Kettlebells. Strengthen muscles, improve your endurance and energy, and tone your body. |Dates:||February 26 - April 2, 2019| |Number of Sessions:||6| |Meets:||Tu : 7:30 PM - 8:25 PM| |Notes:||Bring yoga mat or towel.| Sorry, we are no longer accepting registrations for this course. Please contact our office to find out if it will be rescheduled, or if alternative classes are available.

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문화재청 공모사업으로 부여군과 ‘백제에서 놀자’에서 주관 오는 11월까지 추진하는 ‘나도 문화유산 기획자’는 청소년의 시각으로 부여 문화유산을 이해하고 해석해 책자를 출판하는 프로그램이다. 주요 활동내용은 정림사지오층석탑, 백제금동대향로, 관북리유적과 부소산성, 나성, 능산리고분군 등 부여세계유산을 중심으로 책자편집을 위한 사진촬영, 원고작성, 일러스트, 문화유산 교육을 실시하고 답사를 진행해 청소년 스스로 직접 원고를 작성, 교정, 편집을 하는 등 출판을 위한 다양한 활동을 펼치게 된다. 군 관계자는 “재미난 체험활동을 통해 문화유산의 올바른 이해와 소중함을 알고 친해지는 것이 우선 목표”라며 “스스로 출판하게 될 책자를 편집해 지역문화유산에 대한 애정을 갖게 함으로써 잠재적 홍보대사 역할과 진로찾기 활동에도 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다“라고 말했다. 아울러 “문화유산책자가 출판되면 출판기념회와 전시회를 열고 출판된 책은 관내 각급학교 및 기관에 배포할 예정”이라고 밝혔다. 한편, 군은 주민과 학생들에게 찾아가는 주민역량강화사업을 비롯한 관내 고등학생으로 구성된 세계유산 청소년 알리미 운영, 우리는 문화유산 원정대, 백제 DNA 큐레이터 등 다양한 문화유산 방문교육을 통해 지역주민이 스스로 세계유산에 자긍심을 가질 수 있는 기회를 제공해 지역정체성을 확립해 나가고 있다. 부여군은 미래세대인 학생과 주민을 대상으로 세계유산에 대해 쉽게 이해하고 문화유산에 대한 자긍심을 가질 수 있도록 세대별 다양한 프로그램을 운영하고 있다. 군은 지난 23일 부여여자중학교 1학년 학생 16명으로 구성한 ‘나도 문화유산 기획자’ 동아리를 출범하고 본격적인 활동을 시작했다. 문화재청 공모사업으로 부여군과 ‘백제에서 놀자’에서 주관 오는 11월까지 추진하는 ‘나도 문화유산 기획자’는 청소년의 시각으로 부여 문화유산을 이해하고 해석해 책자를 출판하는 프로그램이다. 주요 활동내용은 정림사지오층석탑, 백제금동대향로, 관북리유적과 부소산성, 나성, 능산리고분군 등 부여세계유산을 중심으로 책자편집을 위한 사진촬영, 원고작성, 일러스트, 문화유산 교육을 실시하고 답사를 진행해 청소년 스스로 직접 원고를 작성, 교정, 편집을 하는 등 출판을 위한 다양한 활동을 펼치게 된다. 군 관계자는 “재미난 체험활동을 통해 문화유산의 올바른 이해와 소중함을 알고 친해지는 것이 우선 목표”라며 “스스로 출판하게 될 책자를 편집해 지역문화유산에 대한 애정을 갖게 함으로써 잠재적 홍보대사 역할과 진로찾기 활동에도 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다“라고 말했다. 아울러 “문화유산책자가 출판되면 출판기념회와 전시회를 열고 출판된 책은 관내 각급학교 및 기관에 배포할 예정”이라고 밝혔다. 한편, 군은 주민과 학생들에게 찾아가는 주민역량강화사업을 비롯한 관내 고등학생으로 구성된 세계유산 청소년 알리미 운영, 우리는 문화유산 원정대, 백제 DNA 큐레이터 등 다양한 문화유산 방문교육을 통해 지역주민이 스스로 세계유산에 자긍심을 가질 수 있는 기회를 제공해 지역정체성을 확립해 나가고 있다. 부여군은 미래세대인 학생과 주민을 대상으로 세계유산에 대해 쉽게 이해하고 문화유산에 대한 자긍심을 가질 수 있도록 세대별 다양한 프로그램을 운영하고 있다. 군은 지난 23일 부여여자중학교 1학년 학생 16명으로 구성한 ‘나도 문화유산 기획자’ 동아리를 출범하고 본격적인 활동을 시작했다. 문화재청 공모사업으로 부여군과 ‘백제에서 놀자’에서 주관 오는 11월까지 추진하는 ‘나도 문화유산 기획자’는 청소년의 시각으로 부여 문화유산을 이해하고 해석해 책자를 출판하는 프로그램이다. 주요 활동내용은 정림사지오층석탑, 백제금동대향로, 관북리유적과 부소산성, 나성, 능산리고분군 등 부여세계유산을 중심으로 책자편집을 위한 사진촬영, 원고작성, 일러스트, 문화유산 교육을 실시하고 답사를 진행해 청소년 스스로 직접 원고를 작성, 교정, 편집을 하는 등 출판을 위한 다양한 활동을 펼치게 된다. 군 관계자는 “재미난 체험활동을 통해 문화유산의 올바른 이해와 소중함을 알고 친해지는 것이 우선 목표”라며 “스스로 출판하게 될 책자를 편집해 지역문화유산에 대한 애정을 갖게 함으로써 잠재적 홍보대사 역할과 진로찾기 활동에도 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다“라고 말했다. 아울러 “문화유산책자가 출판되면 출판기념회와 전시회를 열고 출판된 책은 관내 각급학교 및 기관에 배포할 예정”이라고 밝혔다. 한편, 군은 주민과 학생들에게 찾아가는 주민역량강화사업을 비롯한 관내 고등학생으로 구성된 세계유산 청소년 알리미 운영, 우리는 문화유산 원정대, 백제 DNA 큐레이터 등 다양한 문화유산 방문교육을 통해 지역주민이 스스로 세계유산에 자긍심을 가질 수 있는 기회를 제공해 지역정체성을 확립해 나가고 있다. 부여군은 미래세대인 학생과 주민을 대상으로 세계유산에 대해 쉽게 이해하고 문화유산에 대한 자긍심을 가질 수 있도록 세대별 다양한 프로그램을 운영하고 있다. 군은 지난 23일 부여여자중학교 1학년 학생 16명으로 구성한 ‘나도 문화유산 기획자’ 동아리를 출범하고 본격적인 활동을 시작했다. 문화재청 공모사업으로 부여군과 ‘백제에서 놀자’에서 주관 오는 11월까지 추진하는 ‘나도 문화유산 기획자’는 청소년의 시각으로 부여 문화유산을 이해하고 해석해 책자를 출판하는 프로그램이다. 주요 활동내용은 정림사지오층석탑, 백제금동대향로, 관북리유적과 부소산성, 나성, 능산리고분군 등 부여세계유산을 중심으로 책자편집을 위한 사진촬영, 원고작성, 일러스트, 문화유산 교육을 실시하고 답사를 진행해 청소년 스스로 직접 원고를 작성, 교정, 편집을 하는 등 출판을 위한 다양한 활동을 펼치게 된다. 군 관계자는 “재미난 체험활동을 통해 문화유산의 올바른 이해와 소중함을 알고 친해지는 것이 우선 목표”라며 “스스로 출판하게 될 책자를 편집해 지역문화유산에 대한 애정을 갖게 함으로써 잠재적 홍보대사 역할과 진로찾기 활동에도 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다“라고 말했다. 아울러 “문화유산책자가 출판되면 출판기념회와 전시회를 열고 출판된 책은 관내 각급학교 및 기관에 배포할 예정”이라고 밝혔다. 한편, 군은 주민과 학생들에게 찾아가는 주민역량강화사업을 비롯한 관내 고등학생으로 구성된 세계유산 청소년 알리미 운영, 우리는 문화유산 원정대, 백제 DNA 큐레이터 등 다양한 문화유산 방문교육을 통해 지역주민이 스스로 세계유산에 자긍심을 가질 수 있는 기회를 제공해 지역정체성을 확립해 나가고 있다.

oscar2201

ko

On The Next Web, we try to give our articles a hip and stylish look by using Flickr pics instead of just another logo. Or as a visitor once said in the comments: “Tryin’ too hard to be cool and artsy”. Well, I think we’re doing pretty good job, you may judge for yourself. Anyway, I’ve stumbled upon two handy plugins that make being ‘cool’ and ‘artsy’ with Flickr pics even easier. One for WordPress and one for iPhoto. Flickr and WordPress Australian problogger Darren Rowse wrote about Photo Dropper, a WordPress plugin that finds Flickr Creative Commons licensed images all from within your WordPress Dashboard. You can choose three different sizes and attribution links are automatically added underneath the images to comply with the Creative Commons license rules. Get the plugin here. Flickr and iPhoto Another great plugin that makes it possible to upload your iPhoto pictures. I’ve found it on Jaap Stronks’ blog and was delighted, since it will lower the barrier for me to upload photos to Flickr. I used to just import them in iPhoto, but now I can put them on Flickr with a few clicks as well. A free iPhoto export plugin for Flickr. This provides a convenient way to upload your iPhoto descriptions, titles, keywords (tags), and ratings along with your photos. It also supports sets (yay!) and preserves GPS tags and other EXIF data. Flickr is a semi-free photo sharing service/site.

fineweb

en

Originally posted on PhD Balance social media platforms on 11/15/2020. Psychiatrist, psychologist, therapist, prescription medication, counselor...oh my! If you’re experiencing prolonged and/or debilitating mental health distress or battling with a mental illness, a professional might be able to help you navigate what you’re going through. But how do you know if you actually need to seek professional help? And with so many different types of professionals out there, how can you be sure you know who to talk to? Will that person (or medication) be the right fit for you? Join the Stronger Together community this week to talk about seeking professional help. We’ll discuss determining whether you need help, how to identify which professional(s) to seek out, and how to navigate barriers like trust, cost, stigma and time. Sign up to our Stronger Together section here to take part in this week's module: Seeking Professional Help. Join our weekly module discussion on our Discord server this Thursday (11/19) at 12 pm ET! (Join here!)

fineweb

en

지난 9일 개인정보보호법과 정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률 그리고 신용정보의 이용 및 보호에 관한 법률 등 이른 바 데이터 3법이 국회를 통과했다. 과기정통부의 전신이었던 정보통신부의 초고속 통신망 정책과 산업계의 지속적인 투자로 대한민국은 세계 최고의 정보통신·인터넷 강국이 됐고, 이로인해 다양하고 많은 디지털 데이터가 축적됐다. 그 결과 국내 데이터 분석 능력이 급속도로 발전했음에도 개인정보 침해 위험을 이유로 데이터 수집 및 이용에 제약이 따랐고, 데이터를 기반으로 구동되는 다양한 산업 발전에 발목을 잡았다. 하지만 데이터 수집기능이상으로 보안기술 역시 발전하여 개인을 알아볼 수 없도록 가명이나 익명으로 처리하여 개인정보를 안전하게 보호하고 관리할 수 있게 되었고 이를 법제도화하여 데이터를 4차 산업혁명 핵심 재료로 만드는 게 이번 데이터 3법의 핵심이다. 첫번째, 여러 법률에서 따로 규정돼 있어 중복되고 모순됨으로써 혼란스럽던 개인정보 관련 조항을 개인정보보호법으로 통합했다. 두번째, 가명 처리된 경우에는 개인정보라 해도 신뢰할 수 있는 안전 조치를 전제로 통계 작성, 민간의 산업 목적을 포함한 과학 연구, 공익 기록 보존 목적 등으로 처리할 수 있도록 허용했다. 서로 다른 기업이 보유하고 있는 가명 정보를 전문 기관이 결합할 수 있으며, 그 결합물을 전문 기관이 외부로 반출하기 위해서는 다시 가명 또는 익명 처리를 요구해 보호하고 있다. 이제 가명 정보를 활용해 고객의 숨은 요구에 맞는 신약 개발, 여행 상품, 콘텐츠 등 다양한 맞춤형 제품이나 서비스 기획 및 생산이 가능해졌다. 세번째, 신용정보 주체의 신용 관리를 지원하기 위해 본인신용정보관리업(마이데이터사업)을 도입했다. 스마트폰 애플리케이션(앱)으로 자신의 계좌·결제·투자 등 모든 금융정보를 관리할 수 있고, 사업자는 고객에게 최적의 금융상품을 추천하는 등 자산관리 및 신용관리가 가능해진다. 네번째, 개인정보보호위원회를 총리 소속 중앙행정기관으로 격상시키고 자료 제출 요구, 표준 지침 작성, 자율 규제 촉진, 개인정보 파일 등록 및 공개, 개인정보 보호 인증, 개인정보 영향평가 등을 포함한 행정안전부 기능과 방송통신위원회의 개인정보 보호 기능을 개인정보보호위로 이관해 일원화했다. 이번 데이터 3법의 국회 통과로 시민단체가 우려한 개인정보 침해 등 불안감이 완전히 해소되는 것은 아니다. 데이터 산업 발전을 위해서도 산적한 과제가 있고, 돌파해야 할 문제점도 많다. 1. 업무 공백이 생기지 않도록 개인정보 유관 기관이 협업체를 만들어서 신속·정확하게 업무를 개인정보보호위에 이관하고, 개인정보보호위가 성과 중심으로 일할 수 있도록 인력 및 물리 체계를 구성해야 한다. 2. 데이터 강국이 되기 위해 개인정보 활용성을 높인 만큼 개인정보 보호시스템도 개인정보 주체의 통제권을 강화하는 등 업그레이드해야 한다. 지속 가능하고 안전한 데이터 흐름을 보장하는 법제도 및 기술 생태계 속에서 효율 높게 기능하는 데이터 관리시스템과 보호 체계가 요구된다. 3. 데이터 3법 통과에도 산업과 시장에서 쓸 수 있는 데이터가 늘지 않는다면 그것은 더욱 심각한 문제다. 가명 정보 활용만으로 부족하다는 산업계의 우려가 있다. 공공 데이터가 마중물 역할을 할 수 있도록 공개를 더욱 확대해야 한다. 민간 데이터도 가명 처리 방식과 절차를 명확히 해 산업과 시장에서 혼동 없이 데이터를 쓸 수 있도록 세부 체계를 갖춰야 한다. 가명 정보 활용이 안전하다는 정보 주체의 신뢰가 축적되면 자연스럽게 데이터 제공과 수집, 활용이 증가할 것이다. 4. 데이터 증가는 그것만으로 효과가 있는 것이 아니다. 가명정보 가치를 높이기 위해서는 데이터를 모으고 분석해서 상품과 서비스, 중간재로 만들 수 있는 AI 기술도 활성화돼야 한다. 지난해 12월 과학기술정보통신부가 AI 국가전략을 발표했다. 데이터 산업이 빠르게 자리 잡을 수 있도록 AI 등 관련 기술과 연구 체계가 뒷받침돼야 한다. 5. 우리 데이터 기업이 해외에서도 성장할 수 있도록 유럽연합(EU)의 GDPR 적정성 평가(유럽 시민의 개인정보가 유럽 외로 이전될 때 필요한 규제) 결정을 이른 시일 안에 받아 내야 할 것이다. 6. 증가하는 데이터에 허위 조작 데이터가 들어간다면 AI 분석 결과가 부정확할 수 있다. 이를 억제하거나 분리해 낼 수 있는 기술 및 법제도 시스템 강화도 필요하다. 마지막으로 우리가 글로벌 데이터 강국으로 앞서가기 위해서는 데이터 수집 및 이용, 분석, 상용화 기술에서 국제 표준을 선도하는 등 국가 차원의 국제 리더십 확보를 위한 노력을 게을리해서는 안된다. 데이터 산업은 이제 겨우 첫 단추를 뀄다. 데이터 3법이 많은 시행착오와 갈등, 토론을 거친 끝에 국민 공감대를 얻어 국회를 통과한 만큼 제대로 작동하게 하는 것은 우리 모두의 권리이자 의무다.

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Traditionally, law enforcement agencies have provided three functions: Administration, Investigations and Patrol. The Crime Analysis Team provides a fourth function: "Centralized Information Management." A number of internal and external sources are used to provide the vast array of products and services to the department. What the Crime Analysis Team Provides The Crime Analysis Team provides a process for collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and disseminating timely, accurate, and useful information. Bulletins, crime summaries, statistical analyses, crime maps, tactical action plans, suspect leads, profiles, crime forecasts, and reports are a few of the information dissemination end-products. The Crime Analysis Team supports a number of department functions including: Planning and research Special operations and tactical units What Crime Analysis Identifies Crime Analysis may be used to identify crime patterns and trends, assist operational and administrative personnel in devising strategies for decreasing and preventing criminal activity, and aid in the investigative process. Visit RAIDS Online to create your own Santa Rosa crime map, based on date range and crime types, by going to RAIDS Online. You may also create a density (hot-spot) map, and customized graphs and charts with just a few clicks. Crime & Intelligence Analysis Certificate Program at Sacramento State University Graduates of the Sacramento State program receive a Certificate in Crime and Intelligence Analysis, which allows them to apply for the California Department of Justice credential, which designates them as a Certified Crime and Intelligence Analyst for the State of California.

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종전부터 사실상 일반의 통행에 공용되던 토지에 대하여 인근주민들이 이른바 새마을사업의 일환으로 도로포장공사나 하수도설치공사 등을 함에 있어서, 지방자치단체 등이 공사비나 공사자재 등 재정적 지원을 하는 경우, 그 재정적 보조가 전체공사의 상당부분을 차지할 뿐 아니라 그 공사 이후 개설되는 도로가 일반공중의 교통에 공용되는 공도로 쓰이고, 지방자치단체 등이 그 도로의 개축, 유지, 재해복구 등의 관리를 담당하게 되는 경우에는, 그 도로개설의 형식적인 주관자가 누구이냐에 관계없이 지방자치단체 등은 도로화된 그 토지의 점유 관리를 하게 된다고 보는 것이 상당하다. 1. 원심판결이유에 의하면 원심은, 이 사건 토지는 원래 농지였는데, 1969.9.4. 건설부고시 제524호로 피고 시의 도시계획 가로 및 광장의 일부로 승인 고시되고, 그후 충청북도에 의해 지적승인된 도로예정지였으나 피고 시의 재정 형편상 도로 개설이 어려워 사업진행을 미루고 있던 중, 원고는 1974.8.17.경 자신의 소유이던 충주시 (주소 생략) 일대의 토지중 도로예정지인 이 사건 토지를 제외한 나머지 부분을 소외 1, 소외 2에게 매도하고, 위 소외인들이 1975.경 부터 그 부분에 택지를 조성하여 이를 수필지로 분할한 다음 주택을 신축하여 이를 매도하였는바, 그 과정에서 도로예정지인 이 사건 토지를 주민들이 사실상 통행함으로써 현재에 이르고 있는 사실과 그 후 피고 시에서는 이 사건 토지가 위와 같이 주민들의 통행에 이용되고 있는 현상을 고려하여 원고에게 이 사건 제1, 2토지에 대하여는 도로로 지목을 변경할 것을 촉구하였으나 원고가 불응하자 1979.5.25. 직권으로 그 지목을 도로로 변경하였을 뿐, 이 사건 제1, 2토지는 여전히 비포장으로 남아 있으며, 이 사건 제3, 4토지에 관하여는 1980.경 주민들이 비포장으로 인한 통행의 불편을 호소하여 그 요청에 따라 새마을사업의 일환으로 주민들에게 포장자재만을 지원하여 주민들이 포장공사를 시행하여 현재 보도 블럭이 깔려 있는 상태이며, 이 사건 토지 주위에 위와 같이 주택이 건축되고 거주하는 주민이 많아지자 피고 시가 주민생활의 편의를 위하여 상하수도 시설을 하였던 사실을 인정한 다음, 이 인정사실에 의하면 비록 이 사건 토지가 피고 시의 도시계획 가로 및 광장의 일부로 승인 공시된 바 있다고는 하나, 그것만으로는 피고시가 이 사건 토지를 도로로 개설하여 점유하고 있다고 할 수 없고, 그 후 피고 시에 의하여 구체적인 도로개설사업의 집행이 이루어진 바 없고, 다만 그 부근 토지가 택지로 개발되면서 주민들이 우선 이를 통행에 이용하고 있을 뿐이니, 피고 시가 주민들의 통행의 편의를 위하여 이 사건 제3, 4 토지위에 포장자재를 지원하였고, 주민들의 편의를 위하여 상, 하수도시설을 하였다고 하더라도, 이러한 사정만으로는 피고 시가 이 사건 토지를 도로로 개설하여 점유, 사용하고 있다고 볼 수는 없고, 달리 이를 인정할만한 아무런 증거가 없다는 이유로 원고의 부당이득반환청구를 배척하였다. 2. 종전부터 사실상 일반의 통행에 공용되던 토지에 대하여 인근주민들이 이른바 새마을사업의 일환으로 도로포장공사나 하수도설치공사 등을 함에 있어서, 지방자치단체 등이 공사비나 공사자재등 재정적 지원을 하는 경우, 그 재정적 보조가 전체공사의 상당부분을 차지할 뿐 아니라 그 공사 이후 개설되는 도로가 일반공중의 교통에 공용되는 공도로 쓰이고, 지방자치단체 등이 그 도로의 개축, 유지, 재해복구등의 관리를 담당하게 되는 경우에는, 그 도로개설의 형식적인 주관자가 누구이냐에 관계없이 지방자치단체 등은 도로화 된 그 토지의 점유 관리를 하게 된다고 보는 것이 상당하다 ( 당원 1991.2.22. 선고 90다카25529 판결 , 같은해 5.14. 선고 90다14522 판결 등 참조). 3. 그런데 원심이 인정하는 바에 따르더라도, 피고가 이 사건 제3, 4토지에 대하여 주민들의 새마을사업에 제공하였다는 것은 포장자재로서 공사에 소요되는 인력을 제외한 나머지 전부임을 알 수 있고, 또 원심이 인정한 사실에 의하면 피고가 이 사건 토지에 대하여 상하수도시설까지 하였다는 것이고, 갑 제11호증의 4(지적도)와 제1심증인 소외 3의 증언 및 제1심의 현장검증, 감정의 결과에 의하면, 이 사건 토지에는 상하수도시설외에 맨홀과 전신주가 설치되어 있고, 이 사건 토지는 일반 공중과 차량의 통행이 자유로운 정도의 노폭을 가진 도로로서 각 인접한 간선도로와 연결되어 있을 뿐 아니라, 이 사건 토지의 부근에는 시내버스 정류장이 소재하고 있어 차량의 통행이 자유로운 등 실제로 일반공중의 통행에 공용되고 있음이 엿보인다. 4. 그러므로 원심으로서는 위 1항과 같은 인정사실만으로 피고가 이 사건 토지를 점유 사용하고 있다고 볼 수 없다고 가볍게 배척할 것이 아니라, 이 사건 토지에 대하여 상하수도공사를 하게 된 경위와 이에 대한 원고의 동의 여부, 그리고 이 사건 제3, 4토지에 대하여 포장자재를 제공하여 포장공사를 하게 된 경위와 이 사건 토지를 포함한 전체도로를 규모(노폭과 기점 및 종점), 그 용도와 기능, 주위환경, 일반공중의 이용상황(어느 범위의 사람들이 어떠한 통행목적을 위하여 어떻게 이용하는지), 그리고 상하수도와 포장도로의 관리는 누가하고 있는지 등을 심리하고, 원고가 당초 그 사용수익권을 포기하였거나 사용 승낙을 한바 있었는지 여부까지 살펴보아 그 사실관계에 터잡아 피고가 이 사건 토지를 점유하고 있다고 볼 수 있는지 여부를 판단하여야 할 것이다.

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Downloads Per Day This section is intended for advanced users and developers only. They are presented here for testing and educational purposes. Previous versions of plugins may not be secure or stable. They are not recommended for use on production websites. Please select a specific version to download.Download

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"English IPA" redirects here. For the drink, see India pale ale § United Kingdom. For assistance with IPA transcriptions of English for Wikipedia articles, see Help:IPA/English. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. English phonology is the system of speech sounds used in spoken English. Like many other languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect. In general, however, the regional dialects of English share a largely similar (but not identical) phonological system. Among other things, most dialects have vowel reduction in unstressed syllables and a complex set of phonological features that distinguish fortis and lenis consonants (stops, affricates, and fricatives). Phonological analysis of English often concentrates on or uses, as a reference point, one or more of the prestige or standard accents, such as Received Pronunciation for England, General American for the United States, and General Australian for Australia. Nevertheless, many other dialects of English are spoken, which have developed independently from these standardized accents, particularly regional dialects. Information about these standardized accents functions only as a limited guide to all of English phonology, which one can later expand upon once one becomes more familiar with some of the many other dialects of English that are spoken. A phoneme of a language or dialect is an abstraction of a speech sound or of a group of different sounds that are all perceived to have the same function by speakers of that particular language or dialect. For example, the English word through consists of three phonemes: the initial "th" sound, the "r" sound, and a vowel sound. The phonemes in that and many other English words do not always correspond directly to the letters used to spell them (English orthography is not as strongly phonemic as that of many other languages). The number and distribution of phonemes in English vary from dialect to dialect, and also depend on the interpretation of the individual researcher. The number of consonant phonemes is generally put at 24 (or slightly more depending on the dialect). The number of vowels is subject to greater variation; in the system presented on this page there are 20–25 vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation, 14–16 in General American and 19–21 in Australian English. The pronunciation keys used in dictionaries generally contain a slightly greater number of symbols than this, to take account of certain sounds used in foreign words and certain noticeable distinctions that may not be—strictly speaking—phonemic. The following table shows the 24 consonant phonemes found in most dialects of English, plus /x/, whose distribution is more limited, and the glottal stop (/ʔ/), which is often merely an allophone of /t/, but often appears in the interjection "uh-oh," though using a glottal stop is often optional in most dialects in any other context. Fortis consonants are always voiceless, aspirated in syllable onset (except in clusters beginning with /s/ or /ʃ/), and sometimes also glottalized to an extent in syllable coda (most likely to occur with /t/, see T-glottalization), while lenis consonants are always unaspirated and un-glottalized, and generally partially or fully voiced. The alveolars are usually apical, i.e. pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching or approaching the roof of the mouth, though some speakers produce them laminally, i.e. with the blade of the tongue.[1] ^ a b c Some varieties of English have syllabic consonants in some words, principally [l̩, m̩, n̩], for example at the end of bottle, rhythm and button. In such cases, no phonetic vowel is pronounced between the last two consonants, and the last consonant forms a syllable on its own. Syllabic consonants are generally transcribed with a vertical line under the consonant letter, so that phonetic transcription of bottle and button in GA would be [ˈbɑɾl̩] and [ˈbʌʔn̩]. In theory, such consonants could be analyzed as individual phonemes. However, this would add several extra consonant phonemes to the inventory for English,[2] and phonologists prefer to identify syllabic nasals and liquids phonemically as /əC/.[3][4] Thus button is phonemically /ˈbʌtən/ or /ˈbatən/ and bottle is phonemically /ˈbɒtəl/, /ˈbɑtəl/, or /ˈbɔtəl/. ^ a b /θ, ð/ are realized as stops in accents affected by th-stopping, such as Hiberno-English, the New York accent, and South Asian English. They are merged with /f, v/ in accents affected by th-fronting, such as some varieties of Cockney and African American Vernacular English. See Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩. ^ The voiceless velar fricative /x/ is mainly used in Hiberno-English, Scottish, South African and Welsh English; words with /x/ in Scottish accents tend to be pronounced with /k/ in other dialects. The velar fricative sometimes appears in recent loanwords such as chutzpah. Under the influence of Welsh and Afrikaans, the actual phonetic realization of /x/ in Welsh English and White South African English is uvular [χ], rather than velar [x].[5][6][7] Dialects do not necessarily agree on the exact words in which /x/ appears; for instance, in Welsh English it appears in loanwords from Welsh (such as Amlwch /ˈæmlʊx/), whereas in White South African English it appears only in loanwords from Afrikaans or Xhosa (such as gogga /ˈxɒxə/ 'insect').[5][7] ^ This sound may not be a phoneme in H-dropping dialects. ^ This phoneme is conventionally transcribed with the basic Latin letter ⟨r⟩ (the IPA symbol for the alveolar trill), even though its pronunciation is usually a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠]. The trill exists but is rare, found only in some Scottish, Welsh,[8] South African[9] and Indian[10] dialects. See Pronunciation of English /r/. ^ The sound at the beginning of huge in most British accents[11] is a voiceless palatal fricative [ç], but this is analysed phonemically as the consonant cluster /hj/ so that huge is transcribed /hjuːdʒ/. As with /hw/, this does not mean that speakers pronounce [h] followed by [j]; the phonemic transcription /hj/ is simply a convenient way of representing the single sound [ç].[12] The yod-dropping found in the Norfolk dialect means that the traditional Norfolk pronunciation of huge is [hʊudʒ] and not [çuːdʒ]. ^ In some conservative accents in Scotland, Ireland, the southern United States, and New England, the digraph ⟨wh⟩ in words like which and whine represents a voiceless w sound [ʍ], a voiceless labiovelar fricative[13][14][15] or approximant,[16] which contrasts with the voiced w of witch and wine. In most dialects, this sound is lost, and is pronounced as a voiced w (the wine–whine merger). Phonemically this sound may be analysed as a consonant cluster /hw/, rather than as a separate phoneme */ʍ/, so which and whine are transcribed phonemically as /hwɪtʃ/ and /hwaɪn/. This does not mean that such speakers actually pronounce [h] followed by [w]: this phonemic transcription /hw/ is simply a convenient way of representing a single sound [ʍ] when such dialects are not analysed as having an extra phoneme.[12] The following table shows typical examples of the occurrence of the above consonant phonemes in words, using minimal pairs where possible. Received Pronunciation has two main allophones of /l/: the clear or plain [l] (the "light L"), and the dark or velarized [ɫ] (the "dark L"). The clear variant is used before vowels when they are in the same syllable, and the dark variant when the /l/ precedes a consonant or is in syllable-final position before silence. In South Wales, Ireland, and the Caribbean, /l/ is usually clear, and in North Wales, Scotland, Australia, and New Zealand it is usually dark. In General American and Canada, /l/ is generally dark, but to varying degrees: before stressed vowels it is neutral or only slightly velarized.[17] In southern U.S. accents it is noticeably clear between vowels, and in some other positions.[18] In urban accents of Southern England, as well as New Zealand and some parts of the United States, /l/ can be pronounced as an approximant or semivowel ([w], [o], [ʊ]) at the end of a syllable (l-vocalization). alveolar trill [r] (occurs in some very conservative Scottish dialects and some Indian, South African and Welsh accents)[10][9][8] In most dialects /r/ is labialized [ɹ̠ʷ] in many positions, as in reed [ɹ̠ʷiːd] and tree [t̠ɹ̠̊ʷiː]; in the latter case, the /t/ may be slightly labialized as well.[20] In some rhotic accents, such as General American, /r/ when not followed by a vowel is realized as an r-coloring of the preceding vowel or its coda: nurse [ˈnɚs], butter [ˈbʌɾɚ]. The distinctions between the nasals are neutralized in some environments. For example, before a final /p/, /t/ or /k/ there is nearly always only one nasal sound that can appear in each case: [m], [n] or [ŋ] respectively (as in the words limp, lint, link – note that the n of link is pronounced [ŋ]). This effect can even occur across syllable or word boundaries, particularly in stressed syllables: synchrony is pronounced [ˈsɪŋkɹəni] whereas synchronic may be pronounced with either [sɪŋ-] or [sɪn-]. For other possible syllable-final combinations, see § Coda in the Phonotactics section below. In most dialects, the fortis stops and affricate /p, t, tʃ, k/ have various different allophones, and are distinguished from the lenis stops and affricate /b, d, dʒ, ɡ/ by several phonetic features.[21] aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] when they occur in the onset of a stressed syllable, as in potato. In clusters involving a following liquid, the aspiration typically manifests as the devoicing of this liquid. These sounds are unaspirated [p, t, k] after /s/ within the same syllable, as in stan, span, scan, and at the ends of syllables, as in mat, map, mac.[22] The voiceless fricatives are nearly always unaspirated, but a notable exception is English-speaking areas of Wales, where they are often aspirated.[23] In many accents of English, fortis stops /p, t, k, tʃ/ are glottalized in some positions. That may be heard either as a glottal stop preceding the oral closure ("pre-glottalization" or "glottal reinforcement") or as a substitution of the glottal stop [ʔ] for the oral stop (glottal replacement). /tʃ/ can be only pre-glottalized. Pre-glottalization normally occurs in British and American English when the fortis consonant phoneme is followed by another consonant or when the consonant is in final position. Thus football and catching are often pronounced [ˈfʊʔtbɔːl] and [ˈkæʔtʃɪŋ], respectively. Glottal replacement often happens in cases such as those just given, so that football is frequently pronounced [ˈfʊʔbɔːl]. In addition, however, glottal replacement is increasingly common in British English when /t/ occurs between vowels if the preceding vowel is stressed; thus better is often pronounced by younger speakers as [ˈbeʔə].[24] Such t-glottalization also occurs in many British regional accents, including Cockney, where it can also occur at the end of words, and where /p/ and /k/ are sometimes treated the same way.[25] For some RP-speakers, final voiceless stops, especially /k/, may become ejectives.[26] May have no audible release [p̚, b̚, t̚, d̚, k̚, ɡ̚] in the word-final position.[27][28] These allophones are more common in North America than Great Britain.[27] Almost always have a masked release before another plosive or affricate (as in rubbed [ˈɹʌˑb̚d̥]), i.e. the release of the first stop is made after the closure of the second stop. This also applies when the following stop is homorganic (articulated in the same place), as in top player.[29] A notable exception is Welsh English in which stops are usually released in that environment.[23] The affricates /tʃ, dʒ/ have a mandatory fricative release in all environments.[30] Very often in the United States and Canada and less frequently in Australia[31] and New Zealand,[32] both /t/ and /d/ can be pronounced as a voiced flap [ɾ] in certain positions: when they come between a preceding stressed vowel (possibly with intervening /r/) and precede an unstressed vowel or syllabic /l/. Examples include water, bottle, petal, peddle (the last two words sound alike when flapped). The flap may even appear at word boundaries, as in put it on. When the combination /nt/ appears in such positions, some American speakers pronounce it as a nasalized flap that may become indistinguishable from /n/, so winter [ˈwɪɾ̃ɚ] may be pronounced similarly or identically to winner [ˈwɪnɚ].[33] Yod-coalescence is a process that palatalizes the clusters /dj/, /tj/, /sj/ and /zj/ into [dʒ], [tʃ], [ʃ] and [ʒ] respectively, frequently occurring with clusters that would be considered to span a syllable boundary.[34] Yod-coalescence in stressed syllables, such as in tune and dune, occurs in Australian, Cockney, Estuary English, Hiberno-English (some speakers), Newfoundland English, South African English, and to a certain extent in New Zealand English and Scottish English (many speakers). This can lead to additional homophony; for instance, dew and due come to be pronounced the same as Jew.[35] In certain varieties such as Australian English, South African English, and New Zealand English, /sj/ and /zj/ in stressed syllables can coalesce into [ʃ] and [ʒ], respectively. In Australian English for example, assume is pronounced [əˈʃʉːm] by some speakers.[36] Furthermore, some British, Canadian, American, New Zealand and Australian speakers may change the /s/ sound to /ʃ/ before /tr/,[37] so that a word having a cluster of ⟨str⟩ like in strewn would be pronounced [ʃtruːn].[38] The postalveolar consonants /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are strongly labialized: [tʃʷ dʒʷ ʃʷ ʒʷ].[39] In addition to /tʃ, dʒ/, the sequences /ts, dz, tr, dr, tθ, dð, pf, bv/ also have affricate-like realizations in certain positions (as in cats, roads, tram, dram, eighth, behind them, cupful, obvious; see also § Onset), but usually only /tʃ, dʒ/ are considered to constitute the monophonemic affricates of English because (among other reasons) only they are found in all of morpheme-initial, -‍internal, and -‍final positions, and native speakers typically perceive them as single units.[40][41][42] English, much like other Germanic languages, has a particularly large number of vowel phonemes, and in addition the vowels of English differ considerably between dialects. Consequently, corresponding vowels may be transcribed with various symbols depending on the dialect under consideration. When considering English as a whole, lexical sets are often used, each named by a word containing the vowel or vowels in question. For example, the LOT set consists of words which, like lot, have /ɒ/ in Received Pronunciation and /ɑ/ in General American. The "LOT vowel" then refers to the vowel that appears in those words in whichever dialect is being considered, or (at a greater level of abstraction) to a diaphoneme, which represents this interdialectal correspondence. A commonly-used system of lexical sets, devised by John C. Wells, is presented below; for each set, the corresponding phonemes are given for RP and General American, using the notation that will be used on this page. For a table that shows the pronunciations of these vowels in a wider range of English dialects, see IPA chart for English dialects. The following tables show the vowel phonemes of three standard varieties of English. The notation system used here for Received Pronunciation (RP) is fairly standard; the others less so. The feature descriptions given here (front, close, etc.) are abstracted somewhat; the actual pronunciations of these vowels are somewhat more accurately conveyed by the IPA symbols used (see Vowel for a chart indicating the meanings of these symbols; though note also the points listed below the following tables). The symbols given in the table are traditional but redirect to their modern implementation. ^ a b The modern RP vowel /e/ is pronouced very similar to the corresponding GenAm phoneme /ɛ/. The difference between them is simply a matter of transcription convention (the way they are transcribed in RP reflects a more conservative pronunciation). ^ a b c d e f The modern RP vowels /uː/, /ɔː/ and /ɒ/ are very similar to the corresponding Australian phonemes /ʉː/, /oː/ and /ɔ/. The difference between them lies mostly in transcription (the way they are transcribed in RP is more conservative). ^ a b Although the notation /eɪ oʊ/ are used for the vowels of FACE and GOAT respectively in General American, they are analysed as phonemic monophthongs and frequently transcribed as /e o/ in the literature. ^ a b General American does not have the opposition between /ɜr/ and /ər/; therefore, the vowels in further /ˈfɜrðər/ are typically realized with the same segmental quality as [ˈfɚðɚ].[46] This also makes the words forward /ˈfɔrwərd/ and foreword /ˈfɔrwɜrd/ homophonous as [ˈfɔɹwɚd].[46] Therefore, /ɜ/ is not a true phoneme in General American but merely a different notation of /ə/ preserved for when this phoneme precedes /r/ and is stressed—a convention adopted in literature to facilitate comparisons with other accents.[47] What is historically /ʌr/, as in hurry, is also pronounced [ɚ] (see hurry–furry merger), so /ʌ/, /ɜ/ and /ə/ are all neutralized before /r/. Furthermore, some analyze /ʌ/ as an allophone of /ə/ that surfaces when stressed, so /ʌ/, /ɜ/ and /ə/ may be considered to be in complementary distribution and thus comprising one phoneme.[47] ^ Many North American speakers do not distinguish /ɔ/ from /ɑ/ and merge them into /ɑ/, except before /r/ (see cot–caught merger). ^ The vowel /ʊə/ is often omitted from descriptions of Australian, as for most speakers it has split into the long monophthong /oː/ (e.g. poor, sure) or the sequence /ʉːə/ (e.g. cure, lure).[48] General American lacks a phoneme corresponding to RP /ɒ/ (LOT, CLOTH), instead using /ɑ/ in the LOT words and generally /ɔ/ in the CLOTH words. In a few North American accents, namely in Eastern New England (Boston) LOT words do not have the vowel of PALM (the father–bother merger has not occurred) but instead merge with CLOTH/THOUGHT.[49][50][51][52] Although the notation /ʌ/ is used for the vowel of STRUT in RP and General American, the actual pronunciation in RP may be closer to a near-open central vowel [ɐ], especially among older speakers. In modern RP, this vowel is increasingly realized as [ʌ] to avoid the clash with the lowered variety of /æ/ in the [a] region (the trap–strut merger). In General American, /ʌ/ is invariably realized as [ʌ], whereas [ɐ] does not appear in this context.[53][54][55][56] RP transcriptions use ⟨e⟩ rather than ⟨ɛ⟩ largely for convenience and historical tradition; it does not necessarily represent a different sound from the General American phoneme, as the DRESS vowel is generally realized as [ɛ] in modern RP.[57] The different notations used for the vowel of GOAT in RP and General American (/əʊ/ and /oʊ/) reflect a difference in the most common phonetic realizations of that vowel. The triphthongs given in the RP table are usually regarded as sequences of two phonemes (a diphthong plus /ə/); however, in RP, these sequences frequently undergo smoothing into single diphthongs or even monophthongs. The different notations used here for some of the Australian vowels reflect the phonetic realization of those vowels in Australian: a central [ʉː] rather than [uː] in GOOSE, a more closed [e] rather than [ɛ] in DRESS, a close-mid [oː] rather than traditional RP's [ɔː] in THOUGHT, an open-mid [ɔ] rather than traditional RP's [ɒ] in LOT, an opener [a] rather than somewhat closer [ʌ] in STRUT, a central [aː] rather a back [ɑː] in CALM and START, and somewhat different pronunciations of most of the diphthongs. Note that central [ʉː] in GOOSE, close-mid [oː] in THOUGHT and open-mid [ɔ] in LOT are standard realizations in modern RP and the difference between modern RP and Australian English in these vowels lies almost only in transcription, rather than pronunciation.[58][44][59] Both Australian /eː/ and RP /ɛː/ are long monophthongs, the difference between them being in tongue height: Australian /eː/ is close-mid [eː], whereas the corresponding RP vowel is open-mid [ɛː].[60][59] The vowel /æ/ is coming to be pronounced more open (approaching [a]) by many modern RP speakers. In American speech, however, there is a tendency for it to become more closed, tenser and even diphthongized (to something like [eə]), particularly in certain environments, such as before a nasal consonant,[61] though younger speakers of some varieties are lowering /æ/ like RP speakers (see Canadian shift). Some American accents, for example those of New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore, make a marginal phonemic distinction between /æ/ and /eə/, although the two occur largely in mutually exclusive environments. See /æ/ raising. A significant number of words (the BATH group) have /æ/ in General American, but /ɑː/ in RP. The pronunciation varies between /æ/ and /aː/ in Australia, with speakers from South Australia using /aː/ more extensively than speakers from other regions. In General American and Canadian (which are rhotic accents, where /r/ is pronounced in positions where it does not precede a vowel), many of the vowels can be r-colored by way of realization of a following /r/. This is often transcribed phonetically using a vowel symbol with an added retroflexion diacritic [ ˞ ]; thus the symbol [ɚ] has been created for an r-colored schwa (sometimes called schwar) as in LETTER, and the vowel of START can be modified to make [ɑ˞] so that the word start may be transcribed [stɑ˞t]. Alternatively, the START sequence might be written [stɑɚt] to indicate an r-colored offglide. The vowel of NURSE is generally always r-colored in these dialects, and this can be written [ɚ] (or as a syllabic [ɹ̩]). In modern RP and other dialects, many words from the CURE group are coming to be pronounced by an increasing number of speakers with the NORTH vowel (so sure is often pronounced like shore).[62] The vowels of FLEECE and GOOSE are commonly pronounced as narrow diphthongs, approaching [ɪi] and [ʊu], in RP. Near-RP speakers may have particularly marked diphthongization of the type [əi] and [əu ~ əʉ], respectively. In General American, the pronunciation varies between a monophthong and a diphthong.[43] Listed here are some of the significant cases of allophony of vowels found within standard English dialects. Vowels are shortened when followed in a syllable by a voiceless (fortis) consonant.[63] This is known as pre-fortis clipping. Thus in the following word pairs the first item has a shortened vowel while the second has a normal length vowel: 'right' /raɪt/ – 'ride' /raɪd/; 'face' /feɪs/ – 'phase' /feɪz/; 'advice' /ədvaɪs/ – 'advise' /ədvaɪz/. In many accents of English, tense vowels undergo breaking before /l/, resulting in pronunciations like [pʰiəɫ] for peel, [pʰuəɫ] for pool, [pʰeəɫ] for pail, and [pʰoəɫ] for pole.[citation needed] In RP, the vowel /əʊ/ may be pronounced more back, as [ɒʊ], before syllable-final /l/, as in goal. In standard Australian English the vowel /əʉ/ is similarly backed to [ɔʊ] before /l/. A similar phenomenon may occur in Southern American English.[citation needed] The vowel /ə/ is often pronounced [ɐ] in open syllables.[64] The PRICE and MOUTH diphthongs may be pronounced with a less open starting point when followed by a voiceless consonant;[65] this is chiefly a feature of Canadian speech (Canadian raising), but is also found in parts of the United States.[66] Thus writer may be distinguished from rider even when flapping causes the /t/ and /d/ to be pronounced identically. schwa, [ə], as in COMMA and (in non-rhotic dialects) LETTER (COMMA–LETTER merger); also in many other positions such as about, photograph, paddock, etc. This sound is essentially restricted to unstressed syllables exclusively. In the approach presented here it is identified as a phoneme /ə/, although other analyses do not have a separate phoneme for schwa and regard it as a reduction or neutralization of other vowels in syllables with the lowest degree of stress. r-colored schwa, [ɚ], as in LETTER in General American and some other rhotic dialects, which can be identified with the underlying sequence /ər/. syllabic consonants: [l̩] as in bottle, [n̩] as in button, [m̩] as in rhythm. These may be phonemized either as a plain consonant or as a schwa followed by a consonant; for example button may be represented as /ˈbʌtn̩/ or /ˈbʌtən/ (see above under Consonants). [ʉ̞], as in argument, today, for which similar considerations apply as in the case of [ɨ̞]. (The symbol ⟨ᵿ⟩ is sometimes used in these cases, similarly to ⟨ᵻ⟩.) Some speakers may also have a rounded schwa, [ɵ̞], used in words like omission [ɵ̞ˈmɪʃən].[67] [i], as in happy, coffee, in many dialects (others have [ɪ] in this position).[68] The phonemic status of this [i] is not easy to establish. Some authors consider it to correspond phonemically with a close front vowel that is neither the vowel of KIT nor that of FLEECE; it occurs chiefly in contexts where the contrast between these vowels is neutralized,[69][70][71] implying that it represents an archiphoneme, which may be written /i/. Many speakers, however, do have a contrast in pairs of words like studied and studded or taxis and taxes; the contrast may be [i] vs. [ɪ], [ɪ] vs. [ə] or [i] vs. [ə], hence some authors consider that the happY-vowel should be identified phonemically either with the vowel of KIT or that of FLEECE, depending on speaker.[72] See also happy-tensing. [u], as in influence, to each. This is the back rounded counterpart to [i] described above; its phonemic status is treated in the same works as cited there. Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables is a significant feature of English. Syllables of the types listed above often correspond to a syllable containing a different vowel ("full vowel") used in other forms of the same morpheme where that syllable is stressed. For example, the first o in photograph, being stressed, is pronounced with the GOAT vowel, but in photography, where it is unstressed, it is reduced to schwa. Also, certain common words (a, an, of, for, etc.) are pronounced with a schwa when they are unstressed, although they have different vowels when they are in a stressed position (see Weak and strong forms in English). Some unstressed syllables, however, retain full (unreduced) vowels, i.e. vowels other than those listed above. Examples are the /æ/ in ambition and the /aɪ/ in finite. Some phonologists regard such syllables as not being fully unstressed (they may describe them as having tertiary stress); some dictionaries have marked such syllables as having secondary stress. However linguists such as Ladefoged[73] and Bolinger (1986) regard this as a difference purely of vowel quality and not of stress,[74] and thus argue that vowel reduction itself is phonemic in English. Examples of words where vowel reduction seems to be distinctive for some speakers[75] include chickaree vs. chicory (the latter has the reduced vowel of HAPPY, whereas the former has the FLEECE vowel without reduction), and Pharaoh vs. farrow (both have the GOAT vowel, but in the latter word it may reduce to [ɵ]). Lexical stress is phonemic in English. For example, the noun increase and the verb increase are distinguished by the positioning of the stress on the first syllable in the former, and on the second syllable in the latter. (See initial-stress-derived noun.) Stressed syllables in English are louder than non-stressed syllables, as well as being longer and having a higher pitch. In traditional approaches, in any English word consisting of more than one syllable, each syllable is ascribed one of three degrees of stress: primary, secondary or unstressed. Ordinarily, in each such word there will be exactly one syllable with primary stress, possibly one syllable having secondary stress, and the remainder are unstressed (unusually-long words may have multiple syllables with secondary stress). For example, the word amazing has primary stress on the second syllable, while the first and third syllables are unstressed, whereas the word organization has primary stress on the fourth syllable, secondary stress on the first, and the second, third, and fifth unstressed. This is often shown in pronunciation keys using the IPA symbols for primary and secondary stress (which are ˈ and ˌ respectively), placed before the syllables to which they apply. The two words just given may therefore be represented (in RP) as /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ and /ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/. In some analyses, then, the concept of lexical stress may become conflated with that of vowel reduction. An approach that attempts to separate both is provided by Peter Ladefoged, who states that it is possible to describe English with only one degree of stress, as long as unstressed syllables are phonemically distinguished for vowel reduction.[76][77] In this approach, the distinction between primary and secondary stress is regarded as a phonetic or prosodic detail rather than a phonemic feature – primary stress is seen as an example of the predictable "tonic" stress that falls on the final stressed syllable of a prosodic unit. For more details of this analysis, see Stress and vowel reduction in English. For stress as a prosodic feature (emphasis of particular words within utterances), see § Prosodic stress below. Phonotactics is the study of the sequences of phonemes that occur in languages and the sound structures that they form. In this study it is usual to represent consonants in general with the letter C and vowels with the letter V, so that a syllable such as 'be' is described as having CV structure. The IPA symbol used to show a division between syllables is the full stop ⟨.⟩. Syllabification is the process of dividing continuous speech into discrete syllables, a process in which the position of a syllable division is not always easy to decide upon. Most languages of the world syllabify CVCV and CVCCV sequences as /CV.CV/ and /CVC.CV/ or /CV.CCV/, with consonants preferentially acting as the onset of a syllable containing the following vowel. According to one view, English is unusual in this regard, in that stressed syllables attract following consonants, so that ˈCVCV and ˈCVCCV syllabify as /ˈCVC.V/ and /ˈCVCC.V/, as long as the consonant cluster CC is a possible syllable coda; in addition, /r/ preferentially syllabifies with the preceding vowel even when both syllables are unstressed, so that CVrV occurs as /CVr.V/. This is the analysis used in the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.[78] However, this view is not widely accepted, as explained in the following section. English allows clusters of up to three consonants in the syllable onset and up to four consonants in the syllable coda,[79][80] giving a general syllable structure of (C)3V(C)4, a potential example being strengths /strɛŋkθs/ (although this word has variant pronunciations with only 3 coda consonants, such as /strɛŋθs/). A five-consonant coda may occur in the word angsts, but this is a highly exceptional case, as the word is both infrequent and not always pronounced with five final segments[80] (it can be analyzed as a VC4 syllable[79] /æŋsts/ rather than as VC5 /æŋksts/). From the phonetic point of view, the analysis of syllable structures is a complex task: because of widespread occurrences of articulatory overlap, English speakers rarely produce an audible release of individual consonants in consonant clusters.[81] This coarticulation can lead to articulatory gestures that seem very much like deletions or complete assimilations. For example, hundred pounds may sound like [hʌndɹɪb paʊndz] and jumped back (in slow speech, [dʒʌmptbæk]) may sound like [dʒʌmpbæk], but X-ray[82] and electropalatographic[83][84][85] studies demonstrate that inaudible and possibly weakened contacts or lingual gestures may still be made. Thus the second /d/ in hundred pounds does not entirely assimilate to a labial place of articulation, rather the labial gesture co-occurs with the alveolar one; the "missing" [t] in jumped back may still be articulated, though not heard. Division into syllables is a difficult area, and different theories have been proposed. A widely accepted approach is the maximal onset principle:[86] this states that, subject to certain constraints, any consonants in between vowels should be assigned to the following syllable. Thus the word leaving should be divided /ˈliː.vɪŋ/ rather than */ˈliːv.ɪŋ/, and hasty is /ˈheɪ.sti/ rather than */ˈheɪs.ti/ or */ˈheɪst.i/. However, when such a division results in an onset cluster that is not allowed in English, the division must respect this. Thus if the word extra were divided */ˈɛ.kstrə/ the resulting onset of the second syllable would be /kstr/, a cluster that does not occur initially in English. The division /ˈɛk.strə/ is therefore preferred. If assigning a consonant or consonants to the following syllable would result in the preceding syllable ending in an unreduced short vowel, this is avoided. Thus the word lemma should be divided /ˈlɛm.ə/ and not */ˈlɛ.mə/, even though the latter division gives the maximal onset to the following syllable. In some cases, no solution is completely satisfactory: for example, in British English (RP) the word hurry could be divided /ˈhʌ.ri/ or /ˈhʌr.i/, but the former would result in an analysis with a syllable-final /ʌ/ (which is held to be non-occurring) while the latter would result in a syllable final /r/ (which is said not to occur in this accent). Some phonologists have suggested a compromise analysis where the consonant in the middle belongs to both syllables, and is described as ambisyllabic.[87][88] In this way, it is possible to suggest an analysis of hurry that comprises the syllables /hʌr/ and /ri/, the medial /r/ being ambisyllabic. Where the division coincides with a word boundary, or the boundary between elements of a compound word, it is not usual in the case of dictionaries to insist on the maximal onset principle in a way that divides words in a counter-intuitive way; thus the word hardware would be divided /ˈhɑː.dweə/ by the maximal onset principle, but dictionaries prefer the division /ˈhɑːd.weə/.[89][90][91] In the approach used by the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, Wells[78] claims that consonants syllabify with the preceding rather than following vowel when the preceding vowel is the nucleus of a more salient syllable, with stressed syllables being the most salient, reduced syllables the least, and full unstressed vowels ("secondary stress") intermediate. But there are lexical differences as well, frequently but not exclusively with compound words. For example, in dolphin and selfish, Wells argues that the stressed syllable ends in /lf/, but in shellfish, the /f/ belongs with the following syllable: /ˈdɒlf.ɪn, ˈself.ɪʃ/ → [ˈdɒlfɪ̈n, ˈselfɪ̈ʃ], but /ˈʃel.fɪʃ/ → [ˈʃelˑfɪʃ], where the /l/ is a little longer and the /ɪ/ is not reduced. Similarly, in toe-strap Wells argues that the second /t/ is a full plosive, as usual in syllable onset, whereas in toast-rack the second /t/ is in many dialects reduced to the unreleased allophone it takes in syllable codas, or even elided: /ˈtoʊ.stræp/, /ˈtoʊst.ræk/ → [ˈtoˑʊstɹæp, ˈtoʊs(t̚)ɹæk]; likewise nitrate /ˈnaɪtr.eɪt/ → [ˈnaɪtɹ̥eɪt] with a voiceless /r/ (and for some people an affricated tr as in tree), vs night-rate /ˈnaɪt.reɪt/ → [ˈnaɪt̚ɹeɪt] with a voiced /r/. Cues of syllable boundaries include aspiration of syllable onsets and (in the US) flapping of coda /t, d/ (a tease /ə.ˈtiːz/ → [əˈtʰiːz] vs. at ease /ət.ˈiːz/ → [əɾˈiːz]), epenthetic stops like [t] in syllable codas (fence /ˈfens/ → [ˈfents] but inside /ɪn.ˈsaɪd/ → [ɪnˈsaɪd]), and r-colored vowels when the /r/ is in the coda vs. labialization when it is in the onset (key-ring /ˈkiː.rɪŋ/ → [ˈkiːɹʷɪŋ] but fearing /ˈfiːr.ɪŋ/ → [ˈfɪəɹɪŋ]). Voiceless fricative or /v/ plus approximant other than /j/:[b] Consonant other than /r/ or /w/ plus /j/ (before /uː/ or its modified/reduced forms):[e] /pj/, /bj/, /tj/,[e] /dj/,[e] /kj/, /ɡj/, /mj/, /nj/,[e] /fj/, /vj/, /θj/,[e] /sj/,[e] /zj/,[e] /hj/, /lj/[e] pure, beautiful, tube,[e] during,[e] cute, argue, music, new,[e] few, view, thew,[e] suit,[e] Zeus,[e] huge, lurid[e] ^ a b c d For certain speakers, /tr/ and /dr/ tend to affricate, so that tree resembles "chree", and dream resembles "jream".[92][93][94] This is sometimes transcribed as [tʃɹ] and [dʒɹ], respectively, but the pronunciation varies, and may, for example, be closer to [tʂ] and [dʐ][95] or with a fricative release similar in quality to the rhotic, i.e. [tɹ̝̊ɹ̥], [dɹ̝ɹ], or [tʂɻ], [dʐɻ]. ^ Some northern and insular Scottish dialects, particularly in Shetland, preserve onsets such as /ɡn/ (as in gnaw), /kn/ (as in knock), and /wr/ or /vr/ (as in write).[96][97] ^ a b c d e Words beginning in unusual consonant clusters that originated in Latinized Greek loanwords tend to drop the first phoneme, as in */bd/, */fθ/, */ɡn/, */hr/, */kn/, */ks/, */kt/, */kθ/, */mn/, */pn/, */ps/, */pt/, */tm/, and */θm/, which have become /d/ (bdellium), /θ/ (phthisis), /n/ (gnome), /r/ (rhythm), /n/ (cnidoblast), /z/ (xylophone), /t/ (ctenophore), /θ/ (chthonic), /n/ (mnemonic), /n/ (pneumonia), /s/ (psychology), /t/ (pterodactyl), /m/ (tmesis), and /m/ (asthma). In some other words with these or other similar consonant clusters, the leading consonant has split off into a separate syllable; for instance, */kθ/ becoming /kə.θ/ (Cthulhu) or */fθ/ or */pθ/ becoming /pə.θ/ (phthalate). However, the onsets /sf/, /sfr/, /skl/, /sθ/, and /θl/ have remained intact. ^ a b The onset /hw/ is simplified to /w/ in the majority of dialects (wine–whine merger). ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Clusters ending /j/ typically occur before /uː/ and before the CURE vowel (General American /ʊr/, RP /ʊə/); they may also come before the reduced forms /ʊ/ (as in argument) or /ə/ (as in some American pronunciations of pure and cure), and can occur before other vowels in loanwords (for instance, before /oʊ/ in jalapeño) or mimetic words (for instance, before, variably, /ɑ/, /æ/, or /ɛ/ in nyah-nyah). There is an ongoing sound change (yod-dropping) by which /j/ as the final consonant in a cluster is being lost. In RP, words with /sj/ and /lj/ can usually be pronounced with or without this sound, e.g. [suːt] or [sjuːt]. For some speakers of English, including some British speakers, the sound change is more advanced, and, so, for example, General American does not (except in loans or mimetic words) contain the onsets /tj/, /dj/, /nj/, /θj/, /sj/, /stj/, /zj/, or /lj/. Words that would otherwise begin in these onsets drop the /j/: e.g. tube (/tub/), during (/ˈdɜrɪŋ/), new (/nu/), Thule (/ˈθuli/), suit (/sut/), student (/ˈstudənt/), Zeus (/zus/), lurid (/ˈlʊrəd/). In word-medial position, these sequences can still be found in American English between a stressed and unstressed vowel (as in annual /ˈænjuəl/, failure /ˈfeɪljər/), but the consonants can be analyzed in this context as falling in separate syllables, and so not constituting a syllable onset. In some dialects, such Welsh English, /j/ may occur in more combinations; for example in /tʃj/ (chew), /dʒj/ (Jew), /ʃj/ (sure), and /slj/ (slew). ^ a b c Many clusters beginning with /ʃ/ and paralleling native clusters beginning with /s/ are found initially in German and Yiddish loanwords, such as /ʃl/, /ʃp/, /ʃt/, /ʃm/, /ʃn/, /ʃpr/, /ʃtr/ (in words such as schlep, spiel, shtick, schmuck, schnapps, Shprintzen's, strudel). /ʃw/ is found initially in the Hebrew loanword schwa. Before /r/, however, the native cluster is /ʃr/. The opposite cluster /sr/ is found in loanwords such as Sri Lanka, but this can be nativized by changing it to /ʃr/. Certain English onsets appear only in contractions: e.g. /zbl/ ('sblood), and /zw/ or /dzw/ ('swounds or 'dswounds). Some, such as /pʃ/ (pshaw), /fw/ (fwoosh), or /vr/ (vroom), can occur in interjections. An archaic voiceless fricative plus nasal exists, /fn/ (fnese), as does an archaic /snj/ (snew). Several additional onsets occur in loan words (with varying degrees of anglicization) such as /bw/ (bwana), /mw/ (moiré), /nw/ (noire), /tsw/ (zwitterion), /zw/ (zwieback), /dv/ (Dvorak), /kv/ (kvetch), /ʃv/ (schvartze), /tv/ (Tver), /tsv/ (Zwickau), /kʃ/ (Kshatriya), /tl/ (Tlaloc), /vl/ (Vladimir), /zl/ (zloty), /tsk/ (Tskhinvali), /hm/ (Hmong), /km/ (Khmer), and /ŋ/ (Nganasan). Some clusters of this type can be converted to regular English phonotactics by simplifying the cluster: e.g. /(d)z/ (dziggetai), /(h)r/ (Hrolf), /kr(w)/ (croissant), /(ŋ)w/ (Nguyen), /(p)f/ (pfennig), /(f)θ/ (phthalic), /(t)s/ (tsunami), /(ǃ)k/ (!kung), and /k(ǁ)/ (Xhosa). Others can be replaced by native clusters differing only in voice: /zb ~ sp/ (sbirro), and /zɡr ~ skr/ (sgraffito). Most (in theory, all) of the following except those that end with /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/ or /dʒ/ can be extended with /s/ or /z/ representing the morpheme -s/-z. Similarly, most (in theory, all) of the following except those that end with /t/ or /d/ can be extended with /t/ or /d/ representing the morpheme -t/-d. ^ The pronunciation of twelfth varies and can be /twɛlfθ/ or /twɛlθ/. For some speakers, a fricative before /θ/ is elided so that these never appear phonetically: /fɪfθ/ becomes [fɪθ], /sɪksθ/ becomes [sɪkθ], /twɛlfθ/ becomes [twɛlθ]. Syllables may consist of a single vowel, meaning that onset and coda are not mandatory. The consonant /ŋ/ does not occur in syllable-initial position (most speakers do not maintain it even in loans like Ngorongoro and Nguyen). The consonant /h/ does not occur in syllable-final position. Onset clusters ending in /j/ are followed by /uː/ or its variants (see § Onset note e above). Long vowels and diphthongs are not found before /ŋ/, except for the mimetic words boing and oink, unassimilated foreign words such as Burmese aung and proper names such as Taung, and American-type pronunciations of words like strong (which have /ɔŋ/ or /ɑŋ/). The short vowels /ɛ, ʊ/ occur before /ŋ/ only in assimilated non-native words such as ginseng and Song (name of a Chinese dynasty) or non-finally in some dialects in words like strength and length as well as in varieties without the foot-strut split. /ʊ/ is rare in syllable-initial position (although in the northern half of England, [ʊ] is used for /ʌ/ and is common at the start of syllables). Stop + /w/ before /uː, ʊ, ʌ, aʊ/ (all presently or historically /u(ː)/) are excluded.[98] Sequences of /s/ + C1 + V̆ + C1, where C1 is a consonant other than /t/ and V̆ is a short vowel, are virtually nonexistent.[99] /ə/ does not occur in stressed syllables, unless it is merged with another vowel as in some varieties. /ʒ/ does not occur in word-initial position in native English words, although it can occur syllable-initially as in luxurious /lʌɡˈʒʊəriəs/ in American English, and at the start of borrowed words such as genre. /m/, /n/, /l/ and, in rhotic varieties, /r/ can be the syllable nucleus (i.e. a syllabic consonant) in an unstressed syllable following another consonant, especially /t/, /d/, /s/ or /z/. Such syllables are often analyzed phonemically as having an underlying /ə/ as the nucleus. See above under Consonants. The prosodic features of English – stress, rhythm, and intonation – can be described as follows. Prosodic stress is extra stress given to words or syllables when they appear in certain positions in an utterance, or when they receive special emphasis. According to Ladefoged's analysis (as referred to under Lexical stress § Notes above), English normally has prosodic stress on the final stressed syllable in an intonation unit. This is said to be the origin of the distinction traditionally made at the lexical level between primary and secondary stress: when a word like admiration (traditionally transcribed as something like /ˌædmɪˈreɪʃən/) is spoken in isolation, or at the end of a sentence, the syllable ra (the final stressed syllable) is pronounced with greater force than the syllable ad, although when the word is not pronounced with this final intonation there may be no difference between the levels of stress of these two syllables. Prosodic stress can shift for various pragmatic functions, such as focus or contrast. For instance, in the dialogue Is it brunch tomorrow? No, it's dinner tomorrow, the extra stress shifts from the last stressed syllable of the sentence, tomorrow, to the last stressed syllable of the emphasized word, dinner. Grammatical function words are usually prosodically unstressed, although they can acquire stress when emphasized (as in Did you find the cat? Well, I found a cat). Many English function words have distinct strong and weak pronunciations; for example, the word a in the last example is pronounced /eɪ/, while the more common unstressed a is pronounced /ə/. See Weak and strong forms in English. English is claimed to be a stress-timed language. That is, stressed syllables tend to appear with a more or less regular rhythm, while non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate this. For example, in the sentence One make of car is better than another, the syllables one, make, car, bett- and -noth- will be stressed and relatively long, while the other syllables will be considerably shorter. The theory of stress-timing predicts that each of the three unstressed syllables in between bett- and -noth- will be shorter than the syllable of between make and car, because three syllables must fit into the same amount of time as that available for of. However, it should not be assumed that all varieties of English are stress-timed in this way. The English spoken in the West Indies,[100] in Africa[101] and in India[102] are probably better characterized as syllable-timed, though the lack of an agreed scientific test for categorizing an accent or language as stress-timed or syllable-timed may lead one to doubt the value of such a characterization.[103] Tonality for the distribution of continuous speech into tone groups. Tonicity for the placing of the principal accent on a particular syllable of a word, making it the tonic syllable. This is the domain also referred to as prosodic stress or sentence stress. These terms ("the Three Ts") have been used in more recent work,[105][106] though they have been criticized for being difficult to remember.[107] American systems such as ToBI also identify contrasts involving boundaries between intonation phrases (Halliday's tonality), placement of pitch accent (tonicity), and choice of tone or tones associated with the pitch accent (tone). There is typically a contrast involving tone between wh-questions and yes/no questions, the former having a falling tone (e.g. "Where did you \PUT it?") and the latter a rising tone (e.g. "Are you going /OUT?"), though studies of spontaneous speech have shown frequent exceptions to this rule.[108] Tag questions asking for information are said to carry rising tones (e.g. "They are coming on Tuesday, /AREN'T they?") while those asking for confirmation have falling tone (e.g. "Your name's John, \ISN'T it."). The pronunciation system of English has undergone many changes throughout the history of the language, from the phonological system of Old English, to that of Middle English, through to that of the present day. Variation between dialects has always been significant. Former pronunciations of many words are reflected in their spellings, as English orthography has generally not kept pace with phonological changes since the Middle English period. The English consonant system has been relatively stable over time, although a number of significant changes have occurred. Examples include the loss (in most dialects) of the [ç] and [x] sounds still reflected by the ⟨gh⟩ in words like night and taught, and the splitting of voiced and voiceless allophones of fricatives into separate phonemes (such as the two different phonemes represented by ⟨th⟩). There have also been many changes in consonant clusters, mostly reductions, for instance those that produced the usual modern pronunciations of such letter combinations as ⟨wr-⟩, ⟨kn-⟩ and ⟨wh-⟩. The development of vowels has been much more complex. One of the most notable series of changes is that known as the Great Vowel Shift, which began around the late 14th century. Here the [iː] and [uː] in words like price and mouth became diphthongized, and other long vowels became higher: [eː] became [iː] (as in meet), [aː] became [eː] and later [eɪ] (as in name), [oː] became [uː] (as in goose), and [ɔː] became [oː] and later [oʊ] (in RP now [əʊ]; as in bone). These shifts are responsible for the modern pronunciations of many written vowel combinations, including those involving a silent final ⟨e⟩. Many other changes in vowels have taken place over the centuries (see the separate articles on the low back, high back and high front vowels, short A, and diphthongs). These various changes mean that many words that formerly rhymed (and may be expected to rhyme based on their spelling) no longer do.[109] For example, in Shakespeare's time, following the Great Vowel Shift, food, good and blood all had the vowel [uː], but in modern pronunciation good has been shortened to [ʊ], while blood has been shortened and lowered to [ʌ] in most accents. In other cases, words that were formerly distinct have come to be pronounced the same – examples of such mergers include meet–meat, pane–pain and toe–tow. The phonemic status of the velar nasal consonant [ŋ] is disputed; one analysis claims that the only nasal phonemes in English are /m/ and /n/, while [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ found before velar consonants. Evidence in support of this analysis is found in accents of the north-west Midlands of England where [ŋ] is found only before /k/ or /ɡ/, with sung being pronounced as [sʌŋɡ]. However, in most other accents of English sung is pronounced [sʌŋ], producing a three-way phonemic contrast sum – sun – sung /sʌm sʌn sʌŋ/ and supporting the analysis of the phonemic status of /ŋ/. In support of treating the velar nasal as an allophone of /n/, Sapir (1925) claims on psychological grounds that [ŋ] did not form part of a series of three nasal consonants: "no naïve English-speaking person can be made to feel in his bones that it belongs to a single series with m and n. ... It still feels like ƞg."[110] More recent writers have indicated that analyses of [ŋ] as an allophone of /n/ may still have merit, even though [ŋ] may appear both with and without a following velar consonant; in such analyses, an underlying /ɡ/ that is deleted by a phonological rule would account for occurrences of [ŋ] not followed by a velar consonant.[111][112][113] Thus the phonemic representation of sing would be /sɪnɡ/ and that of singer is /sɪnɡə/; in order to reach the phonetic form [sɪŋ] and [sɪŋə], it is necessary to apply a rule that changes /n/ to [ŋ] before /k/ or /ɡ/, then a second rule that deletes /ɡ/ when it follows [ŋ]. This rule then applies to sing, singer and singing but not to anger, finger, or hunger. According to this rule, the words hangar ('shed for aircraft'), which contains no internal morpheme boundary, and hanger ('object for hanging clothes'), which comprises two morphemes, are expected to constitute a minimal pair as hangar [ˈhæŋɡə] versus hanger [ˈhæŋə]; in actuality, their pronunciations are not consistently distinguished in this manner, as hangar is frequently pronounced [ˈhæŋə]. Additionally, there are exceptions in the form of comparative and superlative forms of adjectives, where Rule 2 must be prevented from applying. The ending -ish is another possible exception. As a result, there is, in theory, a minimal pair consisting of longer ([lɒŋɡər] 'more long') and longer ([lɒŋər] 'person who longs'), though it is doubtful that native speakers make this distinction regularly.[114] Names of persons and places, and loanwords, are less predictable. Singapore may be pronounced with or without [ɡ]; bungalow usually has [ɡ]; and Inge may or may not have [ɡ].[115] It is often stated that English has a particularly large number of vowel phonemes and that there are 20 vowel phonemes in Received Pronunciation,[116] 14–16 in General American, and 20–21 in Australian English. These numbers, however, reflect just one of many possible phonological analyses. A number of "biphonemic" analyses have proposed that English has a basic set of short (sometimes called "simple" or "checked") vowels, each of which can be shown to be a phoneme and can be combined with another phoneme to form long vowels and diphthongs. One of these biphonemic analyses asserts that diphthongs and long vowels may be interpreted as comprising a short vowel linked to a consonant. The fullest exposition of this approach is found in Trager & Smith (1951), where all long vowels and diphthongs ("complex nuclei") are made up of a short vowel combined with either /j/ (for which the authors use the symbol ⟨y⟩), /w/ or /h/ (plus /r/ for rhotic accents), each thus comprising two phonemes.[117] Using this system, the word bite would be transcribed /bajt/, bout as /bawt/, bar as /bar/ and bra as /brah/. One attraction that the authors claim for this analysis is that it regularizes the distribution of the consonants /j/, /w/, and /h/ (as well as /r/ in non-rhotic accents), which would otherwise not be found in syllable-final position. Trager & Smith (1951) suggest nine simple vowel phonemes to allow them to represent all the accents of American and British English they surveyed, symbolized /i, e, æ/ (front vowels); /ᵻ, ə, a/ (central vowels); and /u, o, ɔ/ (back vowels). Some of the short vowels may also be combined with /i/ (/ei/ bay, /ai/ buy, /oi/ boy), with /u/ (/au/ bough, /ou/ beau) or with /ə/ (/iə/ peer, /eə/ pair, /uə/ poor). The vowel inventory of English RP in MacCarthy's system therefore totals only seven phonemes. Analyses such as these could also posit six vowel phonemes, if the vowel of the final syllable in comma is considered to be an unstressed allophone of that of strut. These seven vowels might be symbolized /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/, /ʌ/ and /ə/. Six or seven vowels is a figure that would put English much closer to the average number of vowel phonemes in other languages.[121] A radically different approach to the English vowel system was proposed by Chomsky and Halle. Their Sound Pattern of English (Chomsky & Halle 1968) proposed that English has lax and tense vowel phonemes, which are operated on by a complex set of phonological rules to transform underlying phonological forms into surface phonetic representations. This generative analysis is not easily comparable with conventional analyses, but the total number of vowel phonemes proposed falls well short of the figure of 20 often claimed as the number of English vowel phonemes. ^ a b Garrett, Coupland & Williams (2003), p. 73. ^ a b Celce-Murcia, Brinton & Goodwin (1996), p. 64. ^ Wyld (1936), cited in Wells (1982), p. 262. ^ a b Wells (1982), pp. 140, 147, 299. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 13, 171–173. ^ Kiefte & Kay-Raining Bird (2010), pp. 63–64, 67. ^ Clive Upton (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology. De Gruyter. p. 221. ^ a b Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65. ^ a b Jakielski & Gildersleeve-Neumann (2018), p. 198. Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007). "Illustrations of the IPA: Australian English". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 37 (3): 341–350. doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192. Bacsfalvi, P. (2010). "Attaining the lingual components of /r/ with ultrasound for three adolescents with cochlear implants". Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology. 3 (34): 206–217. Ball, M.; Lowry, O.; McInnis, L. (2006). "Distributional and stylistic variation in /r/-misarticulations: A case study". Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 2–3 (20). Hagiwara, R., Fosnot, S. M., & Alessi, D. M. (2002). "Acoustic phonetics in a clinical setting: A case study of /r/-distortion therapy with surgical intervention". Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 16 (6): 425–441. Hoff, Erika, (2009), Language Development. Scarborough, Ontario. Cengage Learning, 2005. Howard, S. (2007), "The interplay between articulation and prosody in children with impaired speech: Observations from electropalatographic and perceptual analysis". International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9 (1): 20–35. Locke, John L., (1983), Phonological Acquisition and Change. New York, United States. Academic Press, 1983. Print. Sharf, D.J., Benson, P.J. (1982), "Identification of synthesized/r-w/continua for adult and child speakers". Donald J. Acoustical Society of America, 71 (4):1008–1015. Wise, Claude Merton (1957), Applied Phonetics, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. This page was last edited on 19 May 2024, at 18:35 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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Get the message out to your students about responsible social media use with this downloadable poster urging them to think twice before posting things online. The poster is also a handy reference to some key online youth support services. This product will enable you to download a high-resolution file suitable for colour A3 printing. Social Media Reminder Poster Download for Schools Shipping of physical products STANDARD POST (Within Australia) – $5 for a single item and $10 for two or more items. EXPRESS POST (Within Australia) – $10 for a single item and $15 for two or more items. INTERNATIONAL – $20 per order. Virtual products (ebooks/audio/streaming videos) Once your order is processed you will be emailed a link to your book/audio/video and also able to access your files in ‘My Account’.

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Region 3 - Alliance Annual Report - August 01, 2019 ANNUAL ALLIANCE REPORT THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) ERIE AREA OFFICE, REGION III ERIE INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY August 1, 2019 Date Signed: June 13, 2013 Dates Renewed: June 13, 2017 Evaluation Period: June 13, 2018 — June 13, 2019 Alliance Overview and Goals: The Participants have established a collaborative relationship to provide Erie Institute of Technology (EIT) with outreach training programs for students and faculty. The Alliance participants will provide training, information, guidance and access to OSHA resources and help reduce workplace injuries and illnesses in Northwest Pennsylvania. Implementation Team Meetings: - August 21, 2018 - April 2, 2019 In addition to these formal meetings, the Alliance coordinators from both groups maintain regular contact throughout the reporting period to monitor the Alliance’s progress and results. Results of Alliance Activities in Support of Agreement Goals Dissemination: Alliance Program participant shared information on OSHA-developed or OSHA Alliance Program-developed tools and resources, OSHA standards/rulemakings, enforcement, or outreach campaigns. Number Reached (numeric value) Additional Information (Optional) OSHA Tools and Resources 8/16/18 Open-House Construction, Fall Prevention, Health Care, Hispanic/Latino Workers, Oil and Gas, Recordkeeping/Reporting, Small Business, Temporary Workers, Trenching, Walking-Working Surfaces, Young Workers 100 Outreach Events and Training of non-OSHA Staff: Alliance Program participant or OSHA participation in events, which include speech/presentations, exhibits, roundtables, conferences, informational webinars or other meetings or training in support of the Alliance or an OSHA initiative. Representative Name(s) and Affiliation(s) Title Of Presentation (if applicable) City State Emphasis Area(s)* Number Reached (numeric value) Additional Information (Optional) Presentation 8/6/18 Summer term Mark Harmon Intro to OSHA Erie PA 30 Presentation 11/1/18 Fall term Mark Harmon Intro to OSHA Erie PA 80 Presentation 2/8/19 Winter term Mark Harmon Intro to OSHA Erie PA 40 Report Prepared by: Mark Harmon, Compliance Assistance Specialist, Erie Area Office, August 1, 2019

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The Memory Card Reader Calculator. Aw c’mon, doesn’t this make sense to you too? You never know when you’re going to need to calculate something important while transferring your photos across. And..and…it comes with a world time alarm clock and countdown timer included. So now you can image shift, calculate, check the time in Tokyo and still make sure your egg is perfectly boiled. Wow, no wonder they call it the All-in-One. This is a complete integrated function card reader, supporting SMC Card / XD Card (Optional) / SD Card / MMC Card / MMC II Card / RS-MMC Card / MINI-SD Card / CF I Card / CF II Card / Micro Drive / MS Card / MS Pro Card/ MS MG Card / MS MG Pro Card / MS Duo Card / MS MG Duo Card / MS Pro Duo Card / MS MG Pro Duo Card / UTMA Fish Card (Optional) /

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Part of the DrySyn reactors range from the Asynt chemists, the DrySyn OCTO-PLUS 3 x 8 Position Reaction Station allows powerful magnetic stirring and heating, inert atmosphere and reflux, all with a tiny footprint. This innovative design has been found incredibly useful for working volumes of up to 6ml and has been specified to allow the use of low-cost reaction tubes to save as much as possible on consumables for your lab. Use the DrySyn OCTO-PLUS for up to 24 parallel reactions on just one standard magnetic hotplate stirrer. - Up to 24 parallel positions - Works with any hotplate stirrer - Powerful magnetic stirring - Compact size - Gas tight closure allowing inert atmospheres to be used - The large glass area of the tubes allows for air condensing and gentle reflux conditions to be used - Working volume 5-6 mL per tube - Heated area within the DrySyn insert: 4ml volume - Allows use of low cost consumable reaction tubes - Additions or sampling can be made whist under inert conditions using a syringe. - The unit uses low cost easily replaceable consumable septums - Single stations may be used independently - 3 x DrySyn OCTO Reaction Station - 72 x Kimax tubes - 300 x caps and septums - 30 x stirring bars - DrySyn MULTI 3 position base - ADS19-TUBES (Pack of 24 tubes only) - ADS19-CAP (Pack of 100 caps only) - ADS19-SEPTUM (Pack of 100 PTFE faced septum only) - ADS19-STIR (Pack of 10 magnetic stirrer bars) - ADS19-Base (DrySyn UNO Single Position base)

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You're invited to our Holiday Party! ‘Tis the season to be jolly! Join East County Magazine and the East County Dining Club at our annual Feasting & Merrymaking Holiday Party Sunday, December 16th, from 3-7 p.m. at our editor's Mt. Helix home: 4438 Hideaway Place, La Mesa 91941 • Kaleidoscope Carolers • Guitarist/vocalist Paul Nichols • Holiday feast • Prizes galore • Meet the media and community VIPs Tickets in advance: $15 and bring a dish to share ($20 at the door) Buy tickets online: Be sure to RSVP! (619)698-7617 or email@example.com and please let us know if you’ll bring an appetizer, main dish, side dish, desert or sealed beverage Our party is open to all East County Magazine or wildfire alert subscribers, dining club members, and their guests. You can subscribe FREE at the top right side of our homepage. Prizes include restaurant gift certificates, spa/skincare gift certificates, children's books, wine lover's basket, jewelry, hand-knitted scarves, candy and more! Thanks to our sponsors: Alvarado Institute of Skin Care, Julian Wine and Chocolate, Barnes and Noble, Julian Weaving Works, Gypsy Treasures and more to come. Invite your friends and family-the more, the merrier!

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- Special Sections - Public Notices The annual Healthy Hearts Wear Red luncheon, presented by the Bullitt County Health Department, will take place Thursday, Feb. 28, at Paroquet Springs Conference Centre. Lunch includes exercise demonstrations, guest speakers, information booths and a survivors' fashion show. Sunny Stephens from Big Cat 105.5 WLVK will emcee the event. Cost is $10 per person. Registration ends Feb. 20. For more information cal 955-5355.

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You can customize the toolbar in Sony Vegas to your specific needs. To add or remove tools, simply go to Options > Customize Toolbar. From here, you can add or remove tools that are most needed or not when editing. To add buttons click on the new button in the Available toolbar buttons list and click the Add button. The new button will be added to the toolbar above the current selected button in the Current toolbar list. Separator’s can be used to separate buttons into logical groups. To remove buttons, click on the button in the Current toolbar buttons list and click Remove or double-click the button. You can click Reset to reset the list back to defaults. To rearrange buttons, you may click and drag them to your desired position or click it once and use the Move Up or Move Down buttons. If you enjoyed this post, please consider leaving a comment or sharing it along with your friends! Get free email updates!Subscribe!

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Astra Militarum Hydra The Hydra Flak Tank is equipped to blow aerial foes out of the sky. Armed with twin-lined Hydra autocannons and a predictive logic-spirit, few airborne foes could survive the howling onslaught of the Hydra’s firepower. This plastic kit can be assembled as either a Hydra or a Wyvern with 2 crewmen: a gunner and a spotter and has the option to equip a heavy bolter or a heavy flamer. This kit comes supplied unpainted and requires assembly - we recommend using Citadel Thin Plastic Glue and Citadel Paints

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The Tube Feeding Formula with Real Food Ingredients for Children. COMPLEAT® PEDIATRIC Formula is a pediatric tube-feeding formula that includes real food ingredients such as chicken, fruit, cranberry juice concentrate and vegetables. It provides 250 kcals per 250 mL container with 9.5 grams of protein and is fortified with calcium to help build strong bones. Compleat Pediatric is a safer and more convenient alternative to blenderized, homemade tube feedings.† Intended for tube feeding only. †Homemade blenderized tube feedings have been shown to have high levels of bacteria and have been associated with increased risk of illness Appropriate for these diets: lactose intolerance*, gluten-free *Not for individuals with galactosemia Not for IV use.

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Return to reTile Thanks for being a loyal Tile customer! Click here to return to reTile. Shipping times will be longer than expected due to global shipping delays. Shipping times may be longer than expected. Thanks for your patience. Only on Tile.com Items in your cart

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What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. A LIFE OF SIR THOMAS MORE A SELECTION OF MORES LETTERS 1 To Joyce Lee 1505 14 other sections not shown Other editions - View all 16th century A. L. ROWSE Act of Supremacy albeit Anne Boleyn answer Bishop Bishop Fisher Bishop of Durham bounden Canterbury Cardinal Wolsey Catherine of Aragon cause Chelsea Church commanded conscience Council Councillors Court Cromwell daughter declared unto desire discharge divers Drawing by Holbein Duke of Norfolk Emperor England faith father favour Forasmuch further gracious hath heard heaven Henry VIII Henry's hither honourable House indictment King King's grace King's highness Lambeth learned letter London Lord Chancellor Margaret Margaret Roper marriage Master Lieutenant Master Pope Master Rich merry mind More's never noble oath Painting Parliament perceive persons pleasure pray prince Queen quoth realm Rome sent servant showed Sir Thomas sovereign statute Supremacy talk thereby therein thereof therewith things Thomas Cromwell thought Tower trust unknown artist unto his grace unto the King's virtuous Westminster Whereunto Whereupon wife William Roper wise worldly

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Take the first step. A Dell expert will call you about your networking needs. Request a Call Back › Accelerate the migration to higher performance with Dell Networking S-Series 1/10/40GbE switches. Optimize performance for big data, cloud and Web 2.0 with multi-rate, flexible solutions supporting 10/25/40/50/100GbE throughput. Call for Pricing Networking N Series Networking z9500 Fabric Go ahead. Ask us anything. You've got questions, we've got experts who can help. Find out now.Chat Online

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Chemical hazard safety signs. Danger hydrochloric acid. Warning safety sign, comply with ISO EN 7010, Safety Signs and Signals Regulations 1996, and the Control of Substance Hazardous to Health (COSHH) 2002. Hydrochloride acid, a combination of hydrogen chloride and water, is used widely in industry, for the production of plastics, household cleaners, fertilisers, rubber, textile, dyes, food additives and leather processing. WS1920 Size 100mm x 300mm. Material self adhesive vinyl. WS1921 Size 100mm x 300mm. Material rigid plastic.

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Covering the greatest hits in pop music from yesterday to today, Electrik features some of the best talent “Made in Quebec” Carolanne D’astous Paquet (finalist Star Académie 2009) Joanie Goyette (semi-finalist Star Academie 2009) Martin Giroux (semi-finalist Star Academie 2004) Franck Julien (Shérazade, Génération Motown, Gregory Charles) And backed by a killer band ! Electrik is guaranteed to get the party going wherever they land !

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The Philips Avent Classic Feeding Bottles are clinically proven to reduce colic. As your baby drinks, the unique valve on the teat flexes to allow air onto the bottle instead of your baby's tummy. Designed to prevent leakage whilst feeding. The Classic Feeding Bottle is also very easy to clean for perfect hygiene, with only 4 parts, a wide bottle neck and rounded corners, our bottle is quick and easy to clean thoroughly. How to use Preparation and Usage Choosing the right teat Different flow rates to keep up with your baby's growth. Use the Philips Avent Classic+ bottles only with Philips Avent Classic+ feeding teats. Newborn 0m+ - 1 hole Slow flow 1m+ - 2 holes Medium Flow 3m+ - 3 holes Fast flow 6+ - 4 holes We recommend you replace teats every 3 months for hygiene reasons. - Clinically proven to reduce colic - Trusted for over 30 years - Anti-colic system - easy to clean and assemble - No.1 recommended by mums - Ergonomic shape - BPA free

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This is my first time to draw Elektra. At least, that I can remember. I might’ve done an Elektra head sketch at a convention at some point. But this is the first time I spent hours crafting an Elektra piece. Check out the inked version on my DeviantArt page. For commission info and availability email me at email@example.com.

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Castell Son Claret, Calvía, Spain Escape from the hectic pace of modern daily life at Castell Son Claret: an oasis of relaxation, where you’ll find a unique combination of gentle silence, breathtaking nature and inspiring indulgence. the foot of the impressive Tramuntana Mountains, Castell Son Claret is a secluded 19th-century Mallorquín mansion set on a rambling country estate with traditional Moorish gardens. Now transformed into a refined luxury retreat from a state of near-ruin, each of the 38 palatial rooms and suites is unique – some with Juliet balconies, others with their own gardens, and all with oodles of sumptuous style in warm neutral tones. Heady scents of bergamot, grapefruit, orange, jasmine, roses and coriander – as well as freshly-baked break from the on-site bakery fill the air as you sip iced tea and fruit-purée shots at the pool, lose yourself in the grounds, take a stroll to the spa, enjoy a game of tennis, or take one of the meditation, yoga or Qi Gong classes. Chef Fernando Perez Arellano likes it here so much he relocated his Michelin-starred restaurant, Zaranda, here; and it's the perfect base for exploring the mountains and local villages.

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**Yellowstone Caldera: An Overview of the Largest Volcano in the United States** The Yellowstone Caldera, commonly referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano, is the largest volcanic system in the United States. Located primarily in Yellowstone National Park in the states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, this supervolcano is one of the most significant and fascinating geological features in North America. The caldera was formed through a series of catastrophic eruptions that occurred over the past 2.1 million years, with the most recent major eruption happening approximately 640,000 years ago. ### Geological History and Formation The foundation of the Yellowstone Caldera's immense size and power lies in its origin. The area is underlain by a hotspot—a plume of hot mantle rising towards the earth’s surface—that has been active for at least 17 million years. As the North American plate moved westward over this stationary hotspot, successive volcanic eruptions occurred, creating a chain of volcanoes that extends from the present-day location of Yellowstone to the border of Oregon and Nevada. The caldera itself was formed by three supereruptions: The Huckleberry Ridge eruption approximately 2.1 million years ago, the Mesa Falls eruption around 1.3 million years ago, and the most recent Lava Creek eruption about 640,000 years ago. These eruptions were so massive that they led to the collapse of the ground above the emptied magma chamber, creating the depression known as a caldera. ### Geographical and Environmental Impact The Yellowstone Caldera measures about 34 by 45 miles (55 by 72 kilometers) and is an integral part of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory’s monitoring network. The caldera and its surrounding region are characterized by geothermal features such as geysers, hot springs, mud pots, and fumaroles—the most famous being Old Faithful geyser. These features are driven by the ongoing volcanic activity beneath the park surface, a vivid reminder of the supervolcano's dynamic nature. The area is also a critical habitat for a wide array of wildlife, including grizzly bears, wolves, bison, and elk. The lush forests and rivers surrounding the caldera support these species, making the ecosystem one of the most diverse and robust in the temperate zones. ### Volcanic Activity and Monitoring Despite the last major eruption occurring over half a million years ago, the Yellowstone Supervolcano is not extinct. It remains an active volcanic system, as evidenced by the frequent earthquakes, ground deformation, and thermal activity in the area. Scientists use an array of instruments, such as seismographs, GPS stations, and satellite images, to monitor the caldera for signs of increased activity that might indicate an impending eruption. ### Cultural and Historical Significance Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872 as America’s first national park, is deeply intertwined with the history of the United States. The park has been a top destination for recreation, education, and relaxation, attracting millions of visitors from around the globe annually. The grandeur of the Yellowstone Caldera plays a significant role in the park’s allure, offering breathtaking landscapes shaped by volcanic forces. ### Conclusion The Yellowstone Caldera is a geological marvel that stands as the largest volcano in the United States. Its massive scale and active nature make it a subject of continual study and fascination. As a critical component of Yellowstone National Park, the caldera not only shapes the natural environment but also enriches the cultural and historical heritage of the region. It is a poignant reminder of the powerful and ever-changing nature of Earth's geological forces.

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DINOSAURS FASCINATING GIANTS OF PRIMEVAL TIMES! Are you well-versed with Triceratops and Brachiosaurus? Telling a Tyrannosaurus Rex from a Stegosaurus is childs play for you? But do you also know ... ... what a Troodon had such big eyes for? ... how fast a Hypsilophodon could run? ... Cryptoclidus preferred food? Test your knowledge and find out of you have what it takes to be a real palaeontologist! BECOME A DINOSAUR EXPERT WITH HOW AND WHY! The HOW AND WHY Quiz App Dinosaurs will make you an expert! The Game for Points lets you compete against the whole world with your high score! Prove your quickness when Playing against time! In the Relax Game you can score with extra knowledge on the giants of primeval times! In the mood for a duell? Compete with each other when Playing for Points for 2 Players and show your knowledge! Offers a local and a worldwide high score list! Plus: From 1,400 points on up, the bonus game Word Search becomes available extra fun on the topic of dinosaurs! For all HOW AND WHY fans from 5 to 99! ||Compatible with iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad. Requires iOS 3.1 or later. iTunes account required

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Comments Off on NYC – Cool As Hell Signing On Saturday March 16th at 6pm Forbidden Planet throws a DVD launch party for James Balsamo’s new horror movie COOL AS HELL. Director James Balsamo (Hack Job, I Spill You Guts)and the Acid Bath Production Crew will be in store for signings, as well as the other stars of the film Carmine Capobianco (I Spill Your Guts, Psychos In Love) and Frank Mullen (I Spill Your Guts, Singer of Suffocation)! And if that wasn’t enough for you greedy horror movie fanatics there is going to be a contest to get KILLED (in James’s new movie “Mystery Meat”). Don’t miss the chance to be caught on celluloid in all the glory gore. OH, and did we mention that a scene in “Cool As Hell” was shot INSIDE of Forbidden Planet? And our very own Matt D plays a very smarmy comic shop employee. Doesn’t sound like him at all right…. Don’t miss this one folks its going to be Horrortastic. 832 Broadway, New York, NY 10003

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### 대한민국의 화폐 단위: 원 대한민국의 공식 화폐 단위는 원(₩)이며, 국제 통화 코드는 KRW(한국 원)입니다. 원은 대한민국에서의 모든 상업적 거래 및 경제 활동에서 사용되는 기본적인 단위이며, 상품 및 서비스의 가치를 평가하고 거래에 사용됩니다. 원은 화폐로서의 중요한 역할을 하고 있으며, 한국은행이 발행하고 관리합니다. #### 역사와 발전 원화는 1902년 대한제국 당시에 처음 도입되었으며, 초기에는 은화와 동전 형태로 유통되었습니다. 그 후 일제 강점기를 거치면서 다양한 변화가 있었으며, 광복 이후 1945년 대한민국 정부 수립과 더불어 원화가 다시 도입되었습니다. 이후 여러 차례의 화폐 개혁을 거쳐 현재의 형태로 안정되게 사용되고 있습니다. #### 화폐 단위 대한민국의 화폐 체계에는 주로 지폐와 동전이 포함됩니다. 지폐에는 1,000원, 5,000원, 10,000원, 50,000원 등이 있으며, 동전은 10원, 50원, 100원, 500원 등이 있습니다. 각 지폐와 동전에는 한국의 유명한 인물들과 문화적 상징이 새겨져 한국의 역사와 문화를 반영하고 있습니다. #### 경제적 중요성 원화는 국내외 경제활동에서 매우 중요한 역할을 합니다. 국제 금융시장에서는 원화의 환율이 세계 경제와 직접적으로 연관되어 있으며, 수출입 거래에서도 중요한 요소로 작용합니다. 한국 경제의 성장과 더불어 원화의 안정성은 국제적으로도 높은 평가를 받고 있습니다. #### 관리 기관 원화의 발행과 관리는 한국은행의 중앙은행 역할에 의해 이루어집니다. 한국은행은 통화 정책을 통해 국내 경제의 안정을 도모하며, 인플레이션을 제어하고 경제 성장을 지원하는 역할을 합니다. 또한, 이 기관은 금융위기 시 시장 안정을 위해 중요한 역할을 수행합니다. #### 결론 대한민국에서 원화는 상품과 서비스의 가치를 평가하는 기준으로서 중심적인 역할을 하고 있습니다. 경제의 모든 분야에서 핵심적인 수단으로 사용되며, 국민의 일상생활 및 국가 경제에 있어서 필수적인 요소입니다. 원화의 안정적인 관리는 대한민국의 경제력을 유지하고 강화하는 데 크게 기여하고 있습니다.

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W&L Volleyball Sweeps Greensboro, 3-0 DANVILLE, Va. -- The Washington and Lee volleyball team opened up day two of the Averett Invitational with a 3-0 win over Greensboro on Saturday morning. Junior Louise Brooks (Baltimore, Md./Bryn Mawr) led a balanced offensive attack with 10 kills, she also added five total blocks and seven digs. Sophomore Megan Daily (Birmingham, Ala./Mountain Brook) chipped in nine kills. First-year Cameron Hill (Tampa, Fla./H.B. Plant) and junior Jenna Finger (Homer Glen, Ill./Lockport Township) each had a team-high 12 digs and Finger added a pair of service aces. Senior Kristi Stevens (Overland Park, Kan./Shawnee Mission South) paced the Generals with 27 assists. The Generals return to action on Saturday when they wrap up play in the Averett Invitational as they take on Ferrum at 1:30.

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circa: 2000 width: 42 height: 31 length: 42 This gorgeous antique style cherry drum table is handmade by a third-generation English cabinetmaker. The cherry, which undergoes an elaborate finishing process that begins with optional hand distressing and ends in a fine French wax polish, displays a remarkably rich complexion and a striking grain. The optional star inlay pattern in the top accents the natural beauty of the cherry grain, while solid brass hardware on each of the drawers contrasts beautifully with the wood. Each operating drawer (four are faux) features hand-cut dovetails, while the turned base ends in solid brass feet with casters. A variety of optional wood and leather inlays can also be applied to customize this table, which is quite sturdy and sure to last for decades to come.

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The Heather is a sleeveless baby doll inspired design, with a button up front, mini pockets and A-line skirt made from a cotton linen blend. Size up for longer length. Model wears a small. We recommend cold washing first time around! Also available in white Focusing on creating quality in limited numbers, Float Apparel guarantees pieces that are unique. Designed and made from start to finish in Cape Town, all Floats' threads are ethically and sustainably produced.

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Traditional Navajo Wedding Dress I opted for a standard size and the traditional navajo wedding dress fits me just right. Love it went great for the wedding colors. Well finished dress. I order my traditional navajo wedding dress a little over a year ago and was pleasantly surprised. It’s even better than i expected. The color and the fit are exactly what i hoped for. Traditional navajo wedding dress: 15 ideas 2017: 1. Native american wedding photo by joellajsy on deviantart. 2. Young navajo women in traditional navajo rug dress, mocasin wraps and. 3. Navajo traditional wedding clothing for pinterest. 4. Traditional navajo wedding day A dine marriage ceremony. 5. American indian traditional wedding fotos. 6. Native american wedding dresses. 7. My dress was incredibly inexpensive as I spent less than to buy. 8. Native american wedding dresses traditional native american wedding. 9. Native american (plains indian) women’s dresses. 10. Native american wedding dress. 11. NATIVE DESIGN WEDDING DRESS DEER ELK HIDE CUSTOM MADE DOESKIN BUCKSKIN. 12. Native american wedding dress dress or by starrbeads. 13. Ideas about navajo wedding on pinterest wedding vases. 14. Native american wedding dresses for pinterest. 15. Native american wedding dresses white leather wedding dress native.

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Wow, Tracie and the gang are amazing. I love that place. So much to look at, never enough time!! --Lisa Hinson From David Marsh furniture to Larry Fodor lithos - The Consignment Warehouse is a treasure trove. TCW's line is ever-changing - and you can track the price changes from your ipad! -- J. & J.

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A Verifiable Credential (VC) is a digitally-signed and thus tamper-evident document containing information on a subject (e.g. personal information, entitlements of an individual, degrees held by an individual or accreditation of a higher education institution). Quality assurance results recorded in DEQAR can be downloaded as W3C-compatible Verifiable Credentials. Currently, two types of credentials can be issued: EBSI Verifiable Accreditations (VA) can be used by a higher education institution in the context of the EBSI Early Adopters programme. - The VA allows the institution to prove its external quality assurance on the Trusted Issuer Registry (TIR). EBSI VAs are only issued for external quality assurance results with an official status in a national system (“part of obligatory EQA system”). - At present, the higher education institution’s EBSI DID needs to be communicated to EQAR and recorded in DEQAR manually at the moment. If you are a higher education institution participating in EBSI, please contact us to register your DID. - EBSI VAs are issued by EQAR under its DID did:ebsi:zk4bhCepWSYp9RhZkRPiwUL. DEQAR Format Verifiable Credentials primarily serve as a proof of concept and public demonstrator currently. - DEQAR Format VCs are based on the plain W3C Recommendation and our own data model. While they closely follow the EBSI Schema, no EBSI-specific or EU-specific elements or data types are used. - The higher education institution is identified by its DEQAR URI in this case. - DEQAR Format VCs are issued by EQAR under its DID did:web:data.deqar.eu. Please note: this is an experimental feature.

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Separate names with a comma. Discussion in 'General Off-Topic Chat' started by jonthedit, Jul 10, 2014. Take that YediBoy69! Congrats on the big 129! I believe the correct term is Yetiboy69 Thanks for being a good sport Happy Birthday to you too! Thank you, despite being approximately 50 days late.

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Richard Mayo: Olympic Medalist in Modern Pentathlon ### Early Life and Education Richard Mayo was born in the early 1900s in an era where the sport was not yet as popular or widely recognized as it is today. Despite the lack of widespread enthusiasm, Mayo's interest in athletics was sparked at a young age, influenced by the burgeoning sports culture of his time. He pursued his education in a manner that allowed him to focus on his athletic career, balancing academics with rigorous training schedules. ### Career in Modern Pentathlon Modern Pentathlon, a sport introduced at the Stockholm 1912 Olympics, consists of five diverse events: pistol shooting, fencing, 200m freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a 3200m cross-country run. This sport was designed to test the skills a soldier might require on the battlefield, as envisaged by the founder of the modern Olympics, Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Richard Mayo's training regimen was intense and well-rounded, steeped in the disciplines of the pentathlon. His dedication to mastering each component of the sport allowed him to excel not only nationally but also on the international stage. ### The 1932 Olympics The 1932 Summer Olympics, held in Los Angeles, United States, provided a unique platform for athletes worldwide to showcase their prowess. Mayo was among the competitors in the Modern Pentathlon. The competition was fierce, and Mayo faced athletes who were equally skilled and determined. Throughout the events, Mayo demonstrated remarkable athleticism and strategic skill, particularly distinguishing himself in fencing and the cross-country run. His performances were consistent and strong across all five events, culminating in his winning the bronze medal. ### Significance of Mayo’s Achievement Richard Mayo’s success at the 1932 Olympics was significant in several ways. It brought attention to Modern Pentathlon in his country, where the sport was relatively lesser-known compared to mainstream athletics such as track and field or swimming. His victory was not just a personal achievement but also a moment of pride for his nation, encouraging more athletes to venture into this challenging and diverse sport. This Olympic achievement was not merely a testament to Mayo's personal tenacity and skill but also highlighted the potential for further development and recognition of Modern Pentathlon back home. Following his success, there was noticeable growth in interest and participation in Modern Pentathlon, attributed largely to Mayo's Olympic success. ### Later Years and Legacy Post his Olympic feat, Richard Mayo continued to contribute to the sport, although details of his later life remain less documented compared to his sporting achievements. His legacy, however, persists as he remains a celebrated figure in the history of Modern Pentathlon in his country. Through his endeavors, Richard Mayo exemplified the Olympic spirit of excellence, respect, and friendship. His bronze medal win at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics remains a key highlight in the annals of his nation’s sporting history, inspiring future generations of athletes to pursue their dreams with vigor and dedication. His contributions to Modern Pentathlon provide a lasting legacy, underscoring the importance of discipline, hard work, and the holistic development of skills in achieving sporting excellence.

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The search facility will find anyone buried within the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames Cemeteries from 1868 to the present day. If you enter a surname only, all possible entries will be shown with first names in alphabetical order so that you can select the correct person. With a more common surname, however, you may wish to enter additional details. Please enter some search criteria.

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In a large bowl, cream the butter and sugars. Add eggs and vanilla. Combine the remaining ingredients; add to creamed mixture. Shape into four 13-in. rolls. Wrap each in plastic wrap. Refrigerate for 2 hours or overnight. Unwrap dough and cut into 1/4-in. slices. Place 2 in. apart on ungreased baking sheets. Bake at 375° for 9-11 minutes or until edges are golden brown. Remove to wire racks to cool.

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The affected Cisco controller cards permit an unauthenticated attacker to send a malicious payload, which causes the control card to reset, causing a temporary denial of service. This can be repeated indefinitely by the attacker, causing a continued denial of service. Cisco ONS 15454 Controller Cards No Exploit Available Denial of Service Exploitation of this vulnerability will cause the device to reset, causing a denial of service condition. Attackers can continue sending malicious payloads to continue the denial of service condition indefinitely. BeyondTrust Prevention and Detection: BeyondTrust's Retina® Network Security Scanner scans devices to detect for this vulnerability. - 31758 - Cisco ONS 15454 Denial of Service (20131205) (Zero-Day) If possible, keep the affected device behind a firewall and VPN to protect against external attacks. - Vendor Alert: CVE-2013-6702 - Vendor Alert: CVE-2013-6703 - Vendor Security Notice: CVE-2013-6702 - Vendor Security Notice: CVE-2013-6703

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Parking at Sugar Shack Alexandria Sugar Shack Alexandria is located in the Belle Pre building at 804 North Henry Street in Alexandria (near the Corner of Henry and Madison Street). From Braddock Road Metro: The store is a quick walk east on Madison Street (about 2 blocks) to Henry. Driving North on Rt. 1: If you are heading North on Rt. 1 (Patrick Street), you can easily drop by Sugar Shack on your way to work by driving around the block. - Take a left on Montgomery Street. - Take the immediate, next left onto Henry Street. - Park on the right. - To leave, just take a left on Madison Street and then a left back onto Patrick (Rt. 1). Parking Under the Building There is retail parking under the Belle Pre building. You can access the parking on the Madison Street side of the building. Inquire about Large Event or Wedding 1001 West Main Street Charlottesville, VA 22903 Sugar Shack Hours: Luther Burger Hours:

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An Act to regulate the Time and Manner of administering certain Oaths[1] was the first law passed by the United States Congress after the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. It was signed by President George Washington on June 1, 1789, and parts of it remain in effect to this day. On April 25, the committee reported its bill to the whole House, which approved it two days later. The Senate committee charged with the bill added a section requiring state officials and legislators to take the same oath as members of Congress. The Senate approved the bill with the change on May 5. The House did not object to the Senate's change, and representatives of each body took the bill to Washington for his signature. The oath in the final bill differed from the original proposal by excluding the two clauses mentioning God, as well as the phrase "a Representative of the United States in Congress thereof." The act stipulated that any senator was to administer the oath to the President of the Senate (that is, the Vice President of the United States). The Vice President then administers the oath to the Senators. In the House, a Representative administers the oath to the Speaker, who then does the same to the other members. State and other federal officials were to take the same oath, administered by someone to be authorized by a later law. Parts of the statute remain in Title 2, Sections § 21, § 22, and § 25, and Title 4, § 101 and § 102, of the United States Code. This page was last edited on 8 May 2024, at 14:55 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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The Toughest Sport on Dirt is finally the Toughest Game on Gaming Console. Climb on the back of the most notorious, fearsome and nastiest bucking bulls on the planet for the wildest ride in any arena. Or become 2000 pounds of fury and play as the bull and turn your agressions toward that cowboy on your back. Justin McBride or Little Yellow Jacket? Get in the Chute... If you're stuck in Pro Bull Riders: Out of the Chute, ask your fellow GameFAQs members for help. Game List Statistics

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Clean white ceramic is a great go-with-everything look on your table. The Denizens Of The Deep Centerpiece/Serving Bowl adds a lovely coastal touch to your entertaining or beach house decor. Great for serving a crowd, and beautiful as a centerpiece on its own. Two cast metal octopus adorn either side. Octopus are brass with a brushed nickel finish. Bowl trim is brass, with a bright, polished nickel finish. The deep bowl measures 13" diameter, (16" including octopus), x 6"tall.

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A self-care haven filled with impromptu treats to make her feel radiant, both inside and out, for days. Indulge the skin with the heavenly and uplifting elixirs of botanical oils, rose geranium, camellia oil & lavender essential oils. What's inside the box? - Bopo Women Self-Love Rose Oil, for body and face - Addition Studio Native Clay Mask Set 55g - Addition Studio Milk Bath (a giant tea bag for the dreamiest bath) - Theseeke Rose Quartz Face Roller - Posie Candle UME 250g (White Tea, Chrysanthemum, Plum) Perfect for: anyone who needs a little help to relax into a proper self-care session.

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PDFChef Lifetime Deal PDF files have become the standard for secure document sharing. You send them in email attachments, you download them from web pages, you fill out forms and get them back in PDF. PDFChef is a brand-new software that allows you to open, read, edit, and convert PDFs on your computer. It’s super easy to use. It can convert PDF to JPG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and other formats, and it can also export PDF files to Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Pages, Numbers, and Keynote. Open, read, edit, create, and convert PDF files. Works with both Windows & Mac. Convert one or more PDFs to different file formats. Works with your device securely. Show more information Deal group discussion We have not discussed this deal on our private Facebook group. If you are interested, you can join and start a discussion at https://www.facebook.com/groups/alstonantony

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The Drosophila FUS ortholog cabeza promotes adult founder myoblast selection by Xrp1-dependent regulation of FGF signaling SourcePlos Genetics, 16, 4, (2020), article e1008731 Article / Letter to editor Display more detailsDisplay less details Upload full text Use your RU credentials (u/z-number and password) tolog in with SURFconextto upload a file for processing by the repository team.

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Don’t fumble your Big Game menu! Try these flavor-packed snacks that come together in less than 30 minutes! Pull-Apart Pizza Rolls These bite-sized rolls are a delicious twist on a party favorite. Serve with marinara sauce, ranch dressing, or garlic butter for dipping! Sweet Buffalo Shrimp These smoky-sweet shrimp get their tang from apple cider vinegar. Want a little more kick? Add crushed red pepper to taste! Light Spinach Dip A perennial party favorite gets a makeover with low-fat sour cream and mayonnaise. Serve with a rainbow of fresh-cut veggies. Baked Pepper Rings Forget heavy fried food–these baked pepper rings are crispy-crunchy without all of the fat and mess! The choose different colored peppers for subtle flavor variations. Slow-Cooker Teriyaki Chicken Wings Let your slow cooker quarterback your game day party with these easy chicken wings. The sweet and sticky sauce is a winner every time!

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West Bengal Police Recruiting 490 Vacancies Of Junior Constables for Birbhum District Candidates with 12th Class pass Can Apply Online WB Police 490 Junior Constable Recruitment 2016 West Bengal Police Latest Jobs Opportunity 2016 WB Police Recruitment 2016 Applications are invited to fill up 490 posts of Junior Constables in West Bengal Police, from eligible Indian citizens residing permanently in the LWE affected areas of Birbhum District and fulfilling the qualifications and the conditions as stipulated below:- Detail of Vacancies : Junior Constables :- 490 posts Age Limit : The applicants must not be less than 18 years and not more than 27 years of age as on 01.01.2016. Upper age limit is relaxable by 05 (Five) years for SC / ST, 03 (Three) years for OBC applicants. Ex-servicemen will get age relaxation as per rules. Mode Of Selection : Selection of candidates will be made by West Bengal Police Recruitment Board through a four stage process. (a) Measurement of Physical Standard as prescribed under Para 3 (d). (b) Physical Efficiency Test (PET). (c) Written Test. Only the candidates successful up to 3rd stage will be called for the interview. In the interview, the General Awareness of the candidates will be tested. Educational Qualification : Applicants must have passed VIII standard from a recognized educational institution. Application Fee : The Kendra will collect a service charge of Rs.20/- (Rupees Twenty) for filling up the form and uploading the same along with scanned copies of applicants’ photograph and signature. However, no application fee will be collected from the applicants for this recruitment drive. How to Apply : Eligible Candidates may visit the website http://policewb.gov.in and apply on-line between 07.03.2016 to 08.04.2016 No Any Others Mean & Mode Of Accepting Application. Last Date:- 08.04.2016

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Warmkeeper Fleece Bashing Pink Customize this item (The printed text shown on the product from the image is just an example.) Personalize the product Warmkeeper Fleece Bashing Pink with your child's name or any other text that you want printed. Sounds interesting? View details Warmkeeper Fleece is a warm and cosy fleece overall with a hood and a cover for the chin. Warmkeeper Fleece Bashing Pink is in a warm darker pink color with a light pink fabric inside the hood. The zipper is pink and cuffs are pink. Warmkeeper Fleece is perfect for both the carseat and the footmuff. It even goes well underneath outerwear. A black name print or text may be added to the front. If you want a symbol after the namn write it like this: Name (star).

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### 한국어의 존칭법과 예의 표현 한국어는 그 사용자들의 사회적 상호작용에서 예의와 격식을 중요시하는 언어로, 이를 구현하기 위한 다양한 문법적 특징을 지니고 있습니다. 특히 한국어에서는 상대방을 존중하고 예의를 표현하기 위해 존칭어를 사용하는 것이 매우 중요한 부분을 차지하며, 이는 문화적으로도 크게 강조됩니다. #### 존칭의 사용 한국어의 존칭 시스템은 매우 복잡하며, 상대방의 나이, 지위, 사회적 관계 등 여러 요소를 고려하여 적절한 언어 선택이 요구됩니다. 존칭은 주로 동사와 형용사에 '-시-'라는 존칭 선어말 어미를 추가하여 사용합니다. 예를 들어, 기본 동사인 "하다"는 존칭 동사로 "하시다"가 되며, 이는 상대방에 대한 존경을 표현할 때 사용됩니다. 또한, 호칭과 격식을 갖춘 의사소통을 위해 명사에도 존칭이 추가될 수 있습니다. 예를 들어 '아버지'는 존칭인 '아버님'으로, '선생님'은 더욱 공식적인 자리에서는 '선생님께서' 라고 변할 수 있습니다. #### 호칭어의 사용 상대방의 이름을 직접 부르는 것은 한국에서는 일반적으로 피해야 할 행위로 여겨지며, 대신 적절한 호칭이나 직함을 사용해야 합니다. 예를 들어, 직장에서는 직위에 따라 ‘부장님’, ‘대리님’과 같이 부르며, 학교에서는 ‘선생님’이라는 호칭을 사용합니다. #### 어미의 변화 한국어는 또한 말하는 이의 높임법에 따라 문장의 끝 어미를 다양하게 변화시켜 상대방에 대한 존중과 예의를 표현합니다. 일상 대화에서는 '-요' 어미를 통해 존중의 뜻을 나타내며, 더 공식적인 자리에서는 '-ㅂ니다'의 끝맺음을 사용하여 격식을 유지합니다. #### 문화적 배경 한국에서 이러한 존칭과 예의법은 단순한 언어적 특징을 넘어 깊은 문화적 의미를 지닙니다. 상대방에 대한 존중과 예의는 한국 사회에서 매우 중요한 덕목으로, 어린 시절부터 이를 철저히 교육받습니다. 예의 바른 언어 사용은 사회적 관계의 조화와 상호 존중의 토대를 이루며, 개인이 사회에서 존중받고 성공적인 인간 관계를 구축하는 데 필수적인 요소로 간주됩니다. 결론적으로, 한국어의 존칭과 예의법은 그 언어 사용에 있어서 중심적인 역할을 하며, 한국인의 일상생활과 사회적 상호작용에 깊이 뿌리내리고 있습니다. 이는 한국어를 학습하는 이들에게도 중요한 학습 포인트이자, 한국 문화를 이해하고 경험하는 데 있어 중추적인 부분입니다.

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|technique - oil on canvas| 46 cm X 55 cm Another special painting / work, in his unique style of master Octavian-Eugen Sassu-Ducşoara, painting / work with the name ''Sea Wall at Costinesti'' , made in the year 1997, as the realization technique used being technique oil on canvas , having the dimensions of - 46 cm X 55 cm. If you want to know more or buy this painting / work with the name ''Sea Wall at Costinesti'' , please contact us by phone or message using the contact form. Thank you and we hope you enjoy watching this masterpiece of the master Octavian-Eugen Sassu-Ducşoara."...The painting is painted on a linen canvas, 100 years old and so well preserved that you think it was only yesterday woven. The painting expresses a fairy tale atmosphere in which the sky with its subtle rainbows, the mountainous cliff, the Black Sea and the beach form an exquisite chromatic whole...." This work of art is part of the heritage of Octavian-Eugen Sassu–Dusoara Foundation | Send message related to the work | Privacy and cookies policy All rights reserved. created by aur29071982 No part of this site may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or in any way, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording. or otherwise, without the written permission of Octavian-Eugen Sassu-Ducşoara.

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Thehorse.com - Full Article By Karen Briggs Apr 2, 2015 We are what we eat! This hits home when we examine the broad range of diseases and disorders linked to nutrition. Some conditions are caused by nutritional imbalances; others have their root cause elsewhere but can be addressed with specialized nutrition. Here, we'll take a look at enteroliths. Enteroliths are curious stony formations (think of an equine "pearl") that can block your horse’s intestinal tract and trigger signs of colic and can form when a foreign object of some kind ends up in the gastrointestinal tract. That foreign object can be as insignificant as a sliver of wood or a piece of binder twine that didn’t get sorted out from the hay... Read more here:

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I wanted to extend an invitation for our 2020 WOLVERINE Water Polo Summer Camp here at the University of Michigan. Please send this flyer to all your females athletes. This is a great opportunity to experience not only the University of Michigan campus and athletic facilities, but also be immersed in a competitive and fun learning environment. The camp will be held June 29, 2020 – July 2, 2020. We will be offering group or sibling discounts. For more information about the camp, visit the camp website at http://camps.mgoblue.com/ If you have any questions regarding the camp, please feel free to email or call me. Thank you. Wolverine Waterpolo Assistant Camp Director https://camps.mgoblue.com/waterpolo/

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“Tame” is a whimsical, dialogue-free short film created in 2018 by Wendy Placko and team. The work features puppetry, improvised movement and an original score. A lion tamer tries to keep an unusual animal in line. A press kit available for download. - Running Time: 5 minutes, 16 seconds - Origin: United States - Language: English - Film Color: Color - Aspect Ratio: 16:9 Watch the slideshow or click the image to see the high-res version for download. Download the official movie poster.

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Notify me when this product is available: Dimensions: 2" x 8 1/2"Ages 3+ Volleyball stickers are perfect for decorating everything from sports banners and lunch bags to stationery... View full product details Reminders that we should make the best of everything and have fun spreading the word...

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St Peter and St Paul’s Church, Medmenham SL7 2HF. View larger map A service for anyone who has lost a child at any stage of life, from pregnancy to adulthood Friday 2nd March 2018, 7.30pm St Peter and St Paul’s Church Medmenham, near Marlow, Bucks SL7 2HF Refreshments will be served after the service For more details please contact The Revd Sue Morton Part of the collection will be donated to TCF.

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Terms and conditions The Gisgraphy project (www.gisgraphy.com) is a free, open source project under the LGPL license V3. GeoNames data is under the creative commons attributions license. OpenStreetMap data is under the Creative Common by SA (CC-by-SA). All Gisgraphy web services are deployed on a dedicated server and can be called for free. You can use it to see if Gisgraphy meets your needs. The short description of all web services is given on the home page and the user guide provides information on utilizing the services People can use the web service on their site if it is a personal, non-commercial and non-profit one AND in a smart way. You are only allowed to use the demo website in a web browser : any web service or software (as GTS software, or other), bot, scripts, downloader, of any kind, are not allowed People that abuse the service will be blacklisted. (Click here to see blacklisted IPs). Do not use Gisgraphy free services with a site that provides cloud services (Amazon, Google, AppEngine,...). Find out more about terms and conditions on the dedicated terms and conditions page If you want to use Gisgraphy for commercial use or if you need QOS, you can : No warranty, SLA, QOS, or response time guarantees are provided. The data is provided "as is" without warranty or any representation of accuracy, timeliness or completeness. If you have any questions and don't know if the way you want to use the free services is allowed, send an email.

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Images of nature Amphibians & reptiles On the map Map of nature How to reach With the kids What to do Active on De Groote Heide: At your leisure or "pushing the envelope" What do you want to do?< Back to overview De Groote Heide Almost fifteen thousand (!) acres of gorgeous nature. Stretching from the green southern side of Eindhoven to well past the Belgium-Dutch border. De Groote Heide is an experience. Would you like to get in touch? Just e-mail us at email@example.com, find us on social media (see the icons on the right of this page) or use the contact form. Looking for examples, photos, logos or templates? Please visit our house style page and find everything you need. 2018 De Groote Heide | Disclaimer | Online Marketing To find out more about De Groote Heide, please register to receive our newsletter. This way we will keep you up to date with all the news, events and details. Please click here > Friends and partners Registering for an event or newsletter Notify the above page.

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*The ”M” Starter Pack is not included. Built to provide a safe home for your “M” Starter Pack, this Turtle brand case is the perfect accessory for your VapCap and accessories. The Green DynaVap Case comes with a foam insert with slots for a standard VapCap, a standard DynaStash, two accessory cups (DynaWax size), and a spot for a torch. Weight : 0.7 kg Inside : 18.8 x 12.4 x 7.8 cm Outside : 23 x 17.3 x 9.6 cm

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212.PNG 12,137pageson ESB Add New Page Edit History Talk0 Size of this preview: 640 × 288 pixels. Other resolution: 320 × 144 pixels. Full resolution (download) (667 × 300 pixels, file size: 384 KB, MIME type: image/png) About File History Metadata There is no description yet. Add a description. Appears on these pages of Patrick Star/gallery/The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water Character Gallery SpongeBob's House/gallery/The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water Location Gallery SpongeBob SquarePants (character)/gallery/The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water Character Gallery See full list > File history Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment current10:46, January 16, 2015667 × 300 (384 KB)The Logo Cooler (wall | contribs) Metadata This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file. Horizontal resolution 37.79 dpc Vertical resolution 37.79 dpc Read more SpongeBob SquarePants (character)/gallery/Gary's New Toy 122 Conch Street/gallery/Squidward's School for Grown-Ups Jelly Jeans/gallery Retrieved from "http://spongebob.wikia.com/wiki/File:212.PNG?oldid=605134" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.

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Osiris Footwear Taylor Bingaman Vulc Shoes Taylor Bingaman comes through proper with his first pro model shoe the Bingaman Vulc. It has a high-top silhouette with padded collars and tongues, a Velcro ankle strap, and vulcanized soles. They also use dual density blown PU RX insoles with a full latex coverings, suede and mesh uppers with reinforced high abrasion areas for superior durability, and a combination lacing system for an improved fit and steeze. Sorry, this product is currently not in stock. Below are colors we've previously had. Email email@example.com with any questions. OUT OF STOCK Color: Blue Suede/ Black/ White OUT OF STOCK Color: Black Suede/ Black Wax/ White

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|Horapa Set Menu| |Kaprow Set Menu| (Please reserve your table 3 days in advance) Named as the “Best Restaurant in Bangkok” by Travel and Leisure magazine, Celadon is a celebration of the senses - in true Thai style and service. One of the city’s most iconic Thai eateries, Celadon serves authentic Thai cuisine in beautifully crafted air-conditioned salas. Submerged in a picturesque lotus-pond with open-air terraces overlooking the water, guests are spoilt both by the choice of tastes they can discover and the tranquil atmosphere. The extensive a la carte menu offers a selection of the finest dishes from all over Thailand, prepared just as they were meant to be enjoyed throughout the ages. The lush green herb garden caters another memorable evening, where a two special dinner set menu is served in this exclusive setting. Guests can also choose to add a personalized touch with an optional choice of a private butler who is at your service at all times, along with a Chef’s demonstration at your table whilst you are serenaded with traditional Thai instrumental music. Lunch (Daily) : 12:00 - 15:00 hrs. (Last order: 14:30 hrs.) Dinner (Daily) : 18:30 - 23:00 hrs. (Last order: 22:30 hrs.) Seating Capacity: 110 persons Telephone: +66 (0) 2344 8888 Dress code: Smart Casual (No sportswear, slippers, sleeveless shirts)

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Ladylit’s ‘Fab Five’ are back, and this time they will regale you with stories revolving around the age-old theme of Opposites Attract. Find out how a Democrat and a Republican reconcile their different political view points in Cheyenne Blue’s Coming Out In District 31, how a gym novice and a gym bunny get it on in Lucy Felthouse’s Same Place, Same Time, and how an older, rather uptight woman deals with a young brat spoiling her holiday in Harper Bliss’s The Power of Words. Further stories by Erzabet Bishop and Laila Blake expand the settings in this diverse mini-anthology to a bookstore and a museum. Tension flies high in these five tales of clashing lesbian lust, in which the characters will have to either ignore their desire or broaden their mind. Caution: This title contains graphic language and clashing lesbian sex and is suitable for adults only. Table of Contents Same Place, Same Time by Lucy Felthouse Dark Bloomer by Laila Blake Coming Out in District 31 by Cheyenne Blue Art Speak by Erzabet Bishop The Power of Words by Harper Bliss Word count: 20.000

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New York Theatre Ballet's 'Cinderella' This event has already taken place. Click here for the latest events.Add to Calendar 13-11-2011 13-11-2011 15 New York Theatre Ballet's 'Cinderella' The production brings to life this storybook classic in a one-hour performance. Choreographed by Donald Mahler and set to music by Prokofiev, Cinderella is an ideal introduction to ballet for children ages 3-12 but also sophisticated enough for the most discerning parent to enjoy. With comical evil stepsisters and a clock that comes to life, the ballet is a delightful blend of charm and humor for the whole family. Cinderella features an enchanting set by Gillian Bradshaw-Smith and opulent costumes by Sylvia Nolan (resident costume designer of the Metropolitan Opera). http://www.nymetroparents.com/2015neweventinfo.cfm?id=94319 Florence Gould Hall true DD/MM/YYYY If you go: Please tell them you saw this event on

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Cost of living in Sibiu, Romania compared to Akita, Japan WARNING! This comparison is based on only a few data points. At this point it is only a guess. It is based on 114 prices entered by 9 different people. These prices were last updated on December 08, 2016. Exchange rate: 27.214 JPY / RON Do you live in Akita? We need your help! What do you think about this comparison? Cost of living in Sibiu (Romania) is 18% cheaper than in Akita (Japan) For example, to keep the same standard of living that would require ¥406,250 in Akita you would need to make just about ¥331,755 (12,191 lei) in Sibiu. Recent Prices Added - Volkswagen golf 2.0 tdi 140 cv (or equivalent), with no extras, new in Washington D.C. costs $18,518 (4 minutes ago) - Monthly rent - 85 m2 furnished accommodation in expensive area in Las Vegas, Nevada costs $900 (21 minutes ago) - Monthly rent - 85 m2 furnished accommodation in expensive area in Contagem costs R$ 1,200 (37 minutes ago) - 1 liter of whole fat milk in Nantes costs €0.60 (about 1 hour ago) - Public transport in Calgary costs C$92 (about 2 hours ago) - Monthly rent - 900 sqft furnished accommodation in expensive area in San Diego, California costs $1,240 (about 2 hours ago)

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## Harvest Festival Songs and Cultural Significance ### Introduction Harvest festivals, celebrated worldwide, are a time of gathering crops, giving thanks, and rejoicing in the bounty provided by the agricultural efforts of the season. These festivals, deeply ingrained in various cultures, are accompanied by specific rituals, foods, and notably, music. Songs play a vital role in these celebrations, encapsulating themes of thankfulness, abundance, and communal spirit. Among the many tunes associated with these festivities, "Harvest Moon" by Neil Young and "Thanksgiving Song" by Mary Chapin Carpenter stand out as quintessential examples in Western cultures. ### The Role of Music in Harvest Festivals Music during harvest festivals serves several purposes; it is a means of expression of the cultural values associated with the time of plenty, a way to pass down traditions from generation to generation, and a vehicle for community bonding. The continuity of musical traditions helps in cementing the identity of the community and provides a sense of continuity and belonging. ### Analysis of Specific Songs #### "Harvest Moon" by Neil Young Released in 1992, Neil Young's "Harvest Moon" is an iconic song that embodies the spirit of the harvest season. The song is characterized by its gentle melodies and reflective lyrics that conjure images of dancing in the light of a full harvest moon, symbolizing the end of the growing season and the success of the harvest. Young's lyrics emphasize love and nostalgia, themes that resonate strongly during times of gathering and thanksgiving. The titular "harvest moon," which is traditionally known to assist farmers with extra light to gather their crops, serves as a metaphor for both literal and emotional nurturing. #### "Thanksgiving Song" by Mary Chapin Carpenter Mary Chapin Carpenter's "Thanksgiving Song" is a poignant ode to the themes of gratitude and familial bonds, which are central to the harvest festival ethos. Released in 2008, the song is a touching tribute to the feelings of thankfulness that are particularly expressed during Thanksgiving, a prominent harvest festival in the United States. Carpenter's tender vocal delivery and the acoustic simplicity of the arrangement encourage a reflective mood among listeners, making it a popular choice for Thanksgiving celebrations. ### Cultural Context and Variations The choice of songs during harvest festivals can vary significantly across different cultures and geographical locations. In the United Kingdom, folk songs like "John Barleycorn" are sung to celebrate the harvesting of wheat. In India, during Pongal, a harvest festival of South India, regional folk dances and songs like "Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum" mark the festivities, reflecting gratitude to nature and celestial bodies. ### Conclusion Songs such as "Harvest Moon" by Neil Young and "Thanksgiving Song" by Mary Chapin Carpenter beautifully reflect the enduring themes of harvest festivals: gratitude, abundance, and communal celebration. These songs not only provide a backdrop for celebration but also reinforce the cultural values and collective memory of the community. Whether through the soft strums of a guitar or the harmonious chorus of a folk hymn, harvest festival songs are a vital part of commemorating the annual bounty and expressing thanks for the continuity of life and community.

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Below is a sample of the emails you can expect to receive when signed up to Connect Americas. Hi Joseph , We have received your registration request at ConnectAmericas. Please active your account. If you haven't registered, ignore this email. |Data Name||Data Type||Options| |First name||Text Box| |Last name||Text Box| |Email address||Text Box| Create your personal account to become part of ConnectAmericas Joseph , welcome to ConnectAmericas! Now you just have to activate your account. We just sent you an e-mail at the address so7195@ with account activation instructions

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We now present the PRECIOSA Terra Intensive summer color collection. This involves surface finishes in 11 shades on chalk ranging from clear yellow through to chocolate brown. You can combine these bright colors to create attractive and highly absorbing patterns. We offer this pallet of intensive colors in 3 selected seed bead shapes, specifically PRECIOSA Rocailles in 3 sizes (10/0, 8/0 and 6/0) and two other types of seed beads, PRECIOSA Farfalle™ and PRECIOSA Twin™. The colorful seed beads from the PRECIOSA Terra Intensive collection can be used in embroidery, sewing or other costume jewelry or accessories for the warm summer months. Just try them! Article number: 331 19 001 Sizes: 10/0, 8/0, 6/0 Article number: 321 90 001 Size: 3.2 x 6.5 mm PRECIOSA Twin™ Seed Bead Article number: 321 96 001 Size: 2.5 x 5 mm

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KIT KAT® Valentine's Red Velvet Flavor Miniatures, 10 oz Your favorite KIT KAT® White Miniatures with a fun twist! Red Velvet Flavor with Valentine's packaging, make them perfect for handing out to your favorite Valentines. 8 Sat Fat (g) 19 Sugar (g) 35 Sodium (mg) Frequently Asked Questions At the end of the shelf life, there may be some flavor loss or texture changes, but it would not be harmful. Every person's situation is unique to his/her own allergen concerns. Hershey uses good manufacturing practices to control for the possibility of crossover of allergens into products that do not contain those allergens. When a product does contain a major allergen, it is listed as an ingredient on our labels. The label includes an accurate, current listing of the ingredients in our products. Because, on occasion, the list of ingredients can change, we strongly encourage you to check the ingredient label on the package each time before you make a purchase. Learn more about our allergen labeling policy. KIT KAT® Wafer Bars are not gluten-free because they contain wheat. While KIT KAT® Wafer Bars are not gluten-free, we do offer other gluten-free products. Click here for a list of our gluten-free products. KIT KAT® Wafer Bars are not vegan. Check out our favorite KIT KAT® recipe using this product!

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The biggest ecommerce day of the year is just around the corner - Black Friday! With online sales on Black Friday rising 18% last year and hitting a sales record of $7.9 billion, it’s important to make sure your email will be able to cut through the noise. Here are some subject lines guaranteed to grab your customers attention, and drive open rates. Before the sale: - Beat the Black Friday madness - your early access code is here - Countdown to Black Friday starts now! - Are you ready for the Black Friday deals? - Our Top Picks for you - get your cart ready for Black Friday - Don’t wait til tomorrow - 50% off now! - Black Friday sales go live at midnight ⏰ Announcing deals at midnight: - Open for your Black Friday deal! - Black Friday starts now + free shipping! - 15, 30, 50%?! What Black Friday discount will you win? 🎲 - Our fave deals for Black Friday - Black Friday Special – Save $50 - Half Price Black Friday Deals – Ends Sunday After the initial hype: - EXTENDED, your last chance for Black Friday deals! - Get your Christmas shopping done early while Black Friday sales are still live! - It’s not over yet! Don’t miss out on these Black Friday sales! Want more subject line inspo? We recently shared some fall subject lines for ecommerce that you can pull more inspiration from. Feel like crafting your own? Check out these 8 subject line formulas guaranteed to boost your open rates.

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검찰관은 여기로 연결됩니다. 고골의 희곡에 대해서는 검찰관 (희곡) 문서를 참고하십시오. 검사(檢事, prosecutor)는 범죄자에 대하여 법원에 기소 및 공소유지를 담당한다. 일반적으로 검사는 피고인을 상대로 제기된 사건에서 국가나 정부를 대표한다. 검사가 속해있는 검찰청은 검찰권을 행사하는 단독관청이다. 수사기관이고 소추기관인 동시에 형의 집행기관이다. 검사의 주된 업무는 범죄를 수사(대통령령으로 정한 범죄에 한하여)하여 법원에 기소하는 것을 통해서 법이 올바르게 작용하도록 하는 것이다. 검사는 행정부에 소속한 행정공무원이지만 일반 공무원과는 달리 개개의 검사가 검찰권을 행사하는 국가기관(단독제의 관청)으로, 총장·검사장 또는 지청장의 보조기관이 아니다. 검사는 법학전문대학원(로스쿨)졸업후 변호사 자격을 취득해야 검사가 되기 위한 지원 자격이 주어진다. 검찰청에 소속되어 있다. 대한민국의 검찰제도는 프랑스의 영향을 받았다. 프랑스 최고형사법원의 수사판사(Juge de l'instruction)는 한국의 검사와 유사하다. 프랑스 제도의 영향을 받은 것인데, 프랑스 사법부는 경찰을 지휘하며 수사를 담당하고 피의자를 기소하는 수사판사, 재판을 담당하는 합의부 판사(Juez)와 기소된 피의자에 대해 공소를 유지하고 재판에 참가하는 검사(fiscal)로 구성되어있다.[1] 대한민국 검찰 제도는 기소독점주의와 기소편의주의를 취하고 있다. 기소독점주의는 공소를 제기할 수 있는 권한을 검사만이 가진다고 하는 것이다.[2][3] 기소편의주의는 검사의 재량에 따라 공소를 제기하지 않는 권한을 부여하는 것이다. 검찰 제도상 검사동일체의 원칙은 검사가 검찰권을 행사함에 있어서 상사의 명령에 따라야 한다는 것이다. 즉, 검사는 각자 검찰업무를 수행한다고 하나, 검찰총장의 지휘하에 위의 명령에 따라 전원이 일체가 되어서 활동하는 것이다. 로스쿨 졸업후 변호사시험에 합격한 검사는 1호봉을, 사법연수원을 수료한 검사는 2호봉을 받는다. 호봉은 1년 9개월 이상 근무시 승급한다.[7] 병역의무로 군복무를 마친 자는, 그 기간을 호봉 획정에 합산한다. 대한민국의 특별검사제도는 수사 자체의 공정성을 기대할 수 없거나 수사가 공정하게 이뤄졌다고 볼 수 없을 때에 도입하는 제도이며, 수사 대상, 수사범위에는 제한이 없다.[9] 특별검사는 특별검사법을 통해 기존의 검찰청 체계에서 독립되어 수사하는 검사를 말하며. 주로 고위 공직자의 비리나 위법 행위가 드러났을 때 임명되어 한시적으로 활동한다. 미국은 연방국가체제로써 연방검사(U. S. Attorney)랑 지방검사(District Attorney)로 나뉜다. 지방검사는 일반적인 검사로서 각 주에서 임명하는 반면 연방검사는 미국 대통령이 임명하고 또한 임기제(4년)이다. 하지만 무제한 연임이 가능하다. 지방검사는 경찰이 수사한 것에 대한 기소권한만 지니고 있는 반면 연방검사는 수사지휘권과 기소권을 가지고 있다. ↑ 이진영. "약자에 강하고 강자에 약한 검찰… 견제없는 독점적 권력 대수술 필요"[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]. 한국일보. 2012년 6월 19일. ↑ 이환춘. '디도스 特檢' 수사 결과 발표 이후 법조계 표정[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]. 법률신문. 2012년 6월 26일. ↑ [ https://m.lawtimes.co.kr/Legal-News/Legal-News-View?Serial=97527&kind=AD&key= Archived 2016년 3월 4일 - 웨이백 머신] 이 문서는 2024년 5월 9일 (목) 08:50에 마지막으로 편집되었습니다. 모든 문서는 크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0에 따라 사용할 수 있으며, 추가적인 조건이 적용될 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 이용 약관을 참고하십시오.Wikipedia®는 미국 및 다른 국가에 등록되어 있는 Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 소유의 등록 상표입니다.

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The latest price of HTC 10 in Lebanon provided by 3GLEB. Click here to check out The HTC Mobiles & Smartphones full price list 2017. 3GLEB provides with HTC 10 a 1 Year Full Warranty. 3GLEB also delivers to any location in Lebanon via Aramex. Check out the Shipping rates For enquiries related to product availability & delivery +961-70374861 For technical information+961-70888658.

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PGB Room Specificactions Each room contains a bed, desk and chair, clothes closet and drawers, overhead light, desk light and draperies. Each hall contains a TV lounge, laundry facilities, microwave, water fountains and vending machines. *See the Residence Life Booklet for more information on decorations and room modification. Door Dimensions: 30-5/8" Room Dimensions: 16'5" x 11' Window Dimensions: 51" x 94" Bed Dimensions: 79 ¾" x 36 ½" **Bed dimensions may fluctuate slightly. We strongly recommend that you measure your bed frame prior to building your loft. Mattress: 36" x 80" Ceiling Height: 8' You are permitted to build a bed loft in WWF and PGB. Click here for more information

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### Workplace Dynamics: The Relationship Between Superiors and Subordinates In the multifaceted world of organizational behavior, the interactions between superiors and subordinates play a crucial role in shaping the workplace environment. Understanding the dynamics of these relationships provides insight into the overall health of an organization’s culture and its operational success. Below, we explore the nuances of how superiors generally treat their subordinates, emphasizing respect and professionalism—a cornerstone of modern management philosophy. #### Historical Context and Evolution Historically, workplace relationships were rigidly hierarchical, with strict divisions between management and employees. In the early 20th century, principles like Taylorism (Scientific Management) prioritized efficiency and task division with less emphasis on worker satisfaction or input. Over time, theories such as Human Relations and later, Human Resource Management, began to recognize the significance of employee morale, communication, and leadership styles in fostering productive work environments. #### Modern Management Practices In today's workplaces, the ideal standard is that superiors treat their subordinates with respect and professionalism. This shift reflects broader social changes and a deeper understanding of what drives productivity and employee satisfaction. Key components of this professional treatment include: 1. **Communication:** Open lines of communication are essential. Superiors are expected to clearly articulate expectations, provide constructive feedback, and engage in active listening. This ensures that subordinates fully understand their roles and how they contribute to the organization’s objectives. 2. **Respect:** Mutual respect is foundational. This involves recognizing the intrinsic value of each employee’s contributions regardless of their position. Respectful treatment involves fair handling of all individuals, free from discrimination or bias. 3. **Empowerment and Autonomy:** Modern management theories advocate for empowering employees by delegating authority and encouraging decision-making at lower levels. This empowerment boosts morale and fosters a sense of ownership among staff. 4. **Professional Development:** Superiors are expected to invest in the growth of their subordinates through training programs, mentorship, and career advancement opportunities. This not only enhances the skill set within the company but also contributes to job satisfaction and retention. 5. **Positive Work Environment:** Creating a supportive and inclusive atmosphere is paramount. This includes everything from physical workspace comfort to emotional support mechanisms like recognizing achievements and providing support during challenging times. #### Impact of Leadership Styles The way superiors treat subordinates can significantly vary depending on their leadership style. Leadership theories identify several styles, including autocratic, democratic, and transformational leadership, each with different implications for subordinate treatment. - **Autocratic leaders** may impose strict controls and make decisions with little input from subordinates, potentially leading to a less favorable work environment. - **Democratic leaders** tend to involve employees in decision-making, thereby promoting a more respectful and collaborative atmosphere. - **Transformational leaders** strive to inspire and motivate, focusing heavily on positive relationships and personal development of subordinates. #### Challenges and Considerations Despite the ideals, the treatment of subordinates can sometimes fall short of respect and professionalism due to personal biases, corporate culture mismatches, or external pressures such as economic downturns. Addressing these challenges often requires a reevaluation of leadership training, organizational policies, and continuous effort to cultivate an inclusive corporate culture. #### Conclusion In summary, the contemporary workplace ideally sees superiors treating their subordinates with a high degree of respect and professionalism. This approach not only enhances individual and organizational performance but also aligns with broader ethical standards and developments in management theory. The positive treatment of subordinates underpins a constructive work environment, which in turn influences overall corporate success. Maintaining this standard requires conscious effort and commitment at all levels of an organization, underscoring the importance of good leadership and sound human resource practices.

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ESL reveals the StarCraft II ESL Pro Tour 2023/24 program: Featuring online Regionals, World Championship and more Read below for all information regarding the StarCraft II ESL Pro Tour being held in 2023 and 2024. IEM Rio 2023 announced; ESL is going to Rio de Janeiro once more The tournament will happen from the 16th of April until the 23rd Crimsix joins FaZe Clan for ESL R1: Racing Released Crimsix has swapped CoD for Sim Racing as he joins FaZe Clan for the upcoming ESL R1: Racing Released series. ESL Twitch exclusivity deal concludes The tournament organizer will now be streaming simultaneously on YouTube and Twitch, starting with IEM Katowice 2023. Game and Glory: ESL and BBC Studios release CS:GO Rio Major documentary The Game and Glory documentary captures the essence of the Brazilian crowd, focusing on player and crowd storylines at Rio de Janeiro. IEM Brazil 2023 announced: ESL returns to South America CS: GO returns to Brazil in April after a very successful IEM Rio Major in 2022. Come to Brazil!! Five things that will shape the esports industry in 2023 From the Microsoft-Activision Blizzard deal to the Olympics, here are five key events that will shape the industry’s future. ESL will not host a DPC regional League in 2023; PGL gets WEU and NA After being a core component of previous DPCs ESL will not hosting any regional league this year. IEM Rio Major Prize pool increased – now Second largest CS: GO Prize pool The only Major with a greater prize pool was the PGL Stockholm Major in 2021. ESL One Malaysia 2022: Full Schedule, Results, Where to watch, and more ESL marks its return to Genting Highlands with ESL One Malaysia 2022. Find out all about the tournament, from format, schedule, participating teams and more here! [More updates coming!]

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Florence Ellinwood Allen (March 23, 1884 – September 12, 1966) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. She was the first woman to serve on a state supreme court and one of the first two women to serve as a United States federal judge. In 2005, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Allen was born on March 23, 1884, in Salt Lake City, Utah, the daughter of Clarence Emir Allen Sr., a mine manager, and later United States Representative from Utah, and his wife Corinne Marie, née Tuckerman. She was one of seven children—five girls, one of whom died in infancy, and two boys.[1] Her father was a professor and a linguist, and the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he was hired by what was then called the Western Reserve University and is today called Case Western Reserve University. Young Florence grew up in Cleveland, where her father shared his love of languages with her, teaching her Greek and Latin before she was a teenager.[2] She also showed an early love of poetry, as well as a talent for music,[3] and after attending New Lyme Institute in Ashtabula, Ohio, she decided to attend Western Reserve, with music as her major.[4] Allen graduated in 1904 with a Bachelor of Arts degree,[1] and her father then sent her to Berlin, German Empire, to continue her musical studies.[5] While she was there, she worked as a correspondent for a New York magazine called the Musical Courier.[1] Her original plan was to become a concert pianist but she sustained an injury that cut her music career short.[6] She returned to Ohio in 1906 and took a job as the music critic for The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) newspaper, a position she held till 1909.[4] By this time, she had begun showing an increasing interest in politics and law, which led her to take a Master of Arts degree in political science from Western Reserve; she completed it in 1908.[6] She also took courses in constitutional law, and would have pursued a degree, but at that time, Western Reserve's law school did not admit women. So Allen took special classes and tutorials, and became more determined to have a legal career.[1] She attended the law school at the University of Chicago for a year, and then transferred to New York University School of Law. In order to pay her tuition, she found work as a legal investigator and researcher for the New York League for the Protection of Immigrants.[2] In 1913, she got her Bachelor of Laws, graduating with honors. She returned to Cleveland and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1914.[6] By her own admission, she was not a success at first. She only made about $25 during her first month, and all she could afford for her office was two chairs and a borrowed typewriter.[5] As she told a reporter in a 1934 interview, "I had no clients. And I had no money. But I had great hopes."[7] However, in order to become successful, what she needed was some experience, so she did volunteer work with the local Legal Aid Society of Cleveland, where she not only got that experience but got involved with an important case about suffrage.[2] As a child, her mother had taken her to see famous suffragists Susan B. Anthony and Anna Howard Shaw giving talks about women's rights.[1] And the belief that women should be treated as equals under the law undoubtedly resonated with her even more as a result of her struggles to be taken seriously as an attorney. She became even more interested in politics, and more committed to the cause of women's suffrage. She was active in the Women's Suffrage Party and began challenging local laws that limited women's participation in the political process. And she argued one particular case that went all the way to the Ohio Supreme Court: thanks to her efforts, she won the women of East Cleveland the right to vote in municipal elections.[8] During this time, she also became involved in another cause, one that would be important to her all of her life: disarmament and the quest for world peace. For Allen, this was personal: both of her brothers died while serving their country during the First World War.[7] Once she won a few cases and gained the respect of her male colleagues,[5] her career flourished. In 1919, she was appointed the assistant prosecuting attorney for Cleveland's Cuyahoga County. An active Democrat, she nevertheless encountered opposition from Democratic party chairman Burr Gongwer. However, the appointment was approved and she became the first woman in Ohio to hold such a position. She then began bringing cases before the grand jury. She also continued to advocate women's rights, even giving talks about her devotion to the Democratic party and the political process.[9] By 1920, she was elected as a Common Pleas judge, on a non-partisan ticket. She was the first woman in this position too, and during her time on the bench she tried nearly 900 cases. Undoubtedly, her biggest challenge was a case involving gangster Frank Motto, who was convicted of the murder of two men during a robbery. With women on the jury and a woman judge, legal critics wondered whether the stereotype about women being emotional, and thus lenient, would come into play, but it did not.[10] Motto was convicted, and in mid-May 1921, Allen sentenced Motto to the electric chair.[3] In 1922, Allen was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court. She immediately told reporters that she intended to keep partisan politics out of the judiciary.[4] In 1928, Allen was re-elected to a second six-year term on the Ohio Supreme Court. All of the winners in that election were Republicans except for her.[11] She continued to be a popular figure in Ohio, honored by numerous civic groups for her fair-mindedness;[12] and lawyers who came before her praised her willingness to listen.[3] And while she was not afraid to make the difficult decisions, even on death penalty cases, Allen was not just a "law and order" judge. She was also a mentor, who encouraged young women to become lawyers. She continued to give educational talks about the law, and she worked tirelessly to improve women's legal rights.[10] She was a proponent of jury service for women, at a time when many states still did not allow women to serve, and she continued to encourage women to be politically active even while remaining non-partisan herself.[3] By 1930, her reputation was so positive that some newspapers were suggesting that she be nominated for a seat on the United States Supreme Court. Among them was the Christian Science Monitor, which praised Allen for her "distinguished achievements" as a jurist.[13] A pacifist, Allen was an opponent of war and argued that the only way to avoid war was to outlaw it. War must be made outlawed and declared a crime, she said. She also called for the establishment of an international court that has jurisdiction over purely international disputes and that international law should be codified on the basis of equity and right.[14] Allen was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 6, 1934, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit vacated by Judge Smith Hickenlooper.[15] She was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 15, 1934, and received her commission on March 21, 1934.[15] She was the second woman to serve in the federal judiciary and the first woman to serve as an Article III federal judge.[1] Genevieve R. Cline was earlier appointed to serve as an Article I federal judge on the United States Customs Court.[16] Her nomination to the prestigious position received widespread praise. Newspaper articles described Allen as "an able jurist" and a "profound student" of the law.[8] Allen served as Chief Judge from 1958 to 1959.[15] She was a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States in 1958.[15] She assumed senior status on October 5, 1959.[15] Her service terminated on September 12, 1966, due to her death.[15] Allen continued her ongoing advocacy of women's rights. She was a member of the National Association of Business and Professional Women, and spoke at several of their conventions,[17] and was a member of the National Association of Women Lawyers.[10] Allen continued to advocate an end to wars. In 1935, she was one of ten "outstanding American women", with Eleanor Roosevelt and feminist leader Carrie Chapman Catt, to contribute to Why Wars Must Cease. In her essay, Allen asserted that wars "unleash demoralizing instincts" such as "callousness, cynicism, and greed." She said they also contribute to numerous social problems, including the break-up of families, and increases in crime.[18] The press continued to speculate on Allen as a possible Supreme Court nominee.[19] In early 1939, when Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis was about to retire, some of Allen's supporters tried to persuade President Roosevelt that it was time to name a woman, and they reminded the president that Allen was extremely qualified. Chief among advocates on her behalf was Lillian D. Rock, former vice president of the National Association of Women Lawyers and chair of a newly created committee whose purpose was to encourage the appointment of more women to important positions in government.[20] Allen was not named to the Supreme Court, however, and it was another male judge, William O. Douglas, who replaced Justice Brandeis. For the next few years, every time a vacancy occurred, Allen's supporters would again suggest her, but to no avail.[21] On the Circuit Court, Sixth Circuit, she heard cases from Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In 1940, she wrote This Constitution of Ours. Even after World War II broke out, Allen remained steadfast in her determination to work for peace. She continued speaking and gave talks both in person and on radio. In 1944, the National Association of Women lawyers put her name forth as someone who should be involved in international peace negotiations.[22] When the war ended, she continued to speak to civic groups, especially women's clubs. Her message was that relying on the United Nations would not prevent the next war. It was essential for individual citizens to keep demanding that each country—whether large or small—have respect for the rule of law. "To secure peace, there must be justice," she told 3,000 attendees at a conference of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. "There cannot be justice unless there is a rebirth of moral principle among the nations. There cannot be a rebirth of moral principle unless the conscience of the peoples becomes articulate."[23] Allen herself remained a very articulate spokeswoman on the issues she cared about. She was regarded as such a credible figure that in 1947, the American Academy of Political and Social Science asked her to do a study of women's voting patterns, to offer her assessment of whether women were in fact using the franchise, and whether they were active in the political process.[24] In later talks, Allen expressed the opinion that while many women were in fact voting and speaking out on issues, there was a generational shift taking place. The dynamic women leaders who had fought for suffrage and brought about greater participation for women in other areas of public life were now deceased, and they had not yet been replaced. She expressed concern about this lack of new and dynamic leadership, and hoped new leaders would emerge.[24] Allen's supporters again sought to have her appointed to the United States Supreme Court during Harry S. Truman's presidency, but Truman seemed to be opposed to having a woman sitting on the highest court of the land. Allen was later told that Truman's reluctance to appoint her had to do with his belief that having a woman around would make the male judges uncomfortable. "They say they couldn't sit around with their robes off and their feet up and discuss the problems."[25] Truman's reluctance to appoint a woman extended to other venues. When there were more than 20 Federal court vacancies, his original list of nominees was all male; only after some influential women politicians protested, the president named one woman, Burnita Shelton Matthews, to the bench of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia in 1949.[26] After her retirement, she continued to do speaking engagements and began working on her autobiography. It was called To Do Justly, and was published in the autumn of 1965.[1] In declining health after falling and breaking her hip, Allen died on September 12, 1966, in Waite Hill, Ohio, where she had been living with a distant cousin since her retirement.[citation needed] In 2005, Allen was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[27] ^ a b c d e f g "Florence E. Allen Named Federal Judge; First Woman to Get Place on Circuit Bench". The New York Times. March 7, 1934. p. 9. ^ a b c "Florence Allen, 82, First Woman On U.S. Appellate Bench, Dead". The New York Times. September 14, 1966. p. 47. ^ a b c d Howard, N. R. (March 25, 1934). "Miss Allen Talks of Women's Gains". The New York Times. pp. XX2. ^ a b c "New Woman Judge Was at One Time Newspaper Woman". Atlanta Constitution. November 12, 1922. p. 3. ^ a b c "The Career of a Woman Judge". The Christian Science Monitor. January 11, 1924. p. 9. ^ a b c "Florence E. Allen Dies; Retired Federal Jurist". The Washington Post. September 14, 1966. pp. B6. ^ a b "Spinster Breadwinner Hailed as Heroine By Woman Judge". The Washington Post. March 10, 1934. p. 11. ^ a b "Woman Named As U.S. Judge; First in History". Chicago Tribune. March 7, 1934. p. 4. ^ "'Why I Am a Democrat' Discussed by Woman Lawyer". Atlanta Constitution. January 4, 1920. pp. 6K. ^ a b c Shuler, Marjorie (March 6, 1935). "She Has Been Mentioned for President". The Christian Science Monitor. pp. WM3. ^ "Here's Real Tribute to Women: Six More Years on the Supreme Bench". The Christian Science Monitor. December 6, 1928. p. 1. ^ She was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Berea College in Kentucky in 1930. ^ "A Woman on the Supreme Bench?". The Christian Science Monitor. March 12, 1930. p. 18. ^ "Must outlaw war says woman judge". The New York Times. 1 April 1924. ^ a b c d e f Florence Ellinwood Allen at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. ^ "Woman Takes Oath as Customs Judge". The New York Times. June 7, 1928. p. 28. ^ "Women Lawyers Urged to Support Individual Effort". The Christian Science Monitor. August 29, 1934. pp. 1, 5. ^ "Ten Outstanding American Women Make Stirring Plea Against War". The Washington Post. January 11, 1935. p. 14. ^ "An Able Woman Pioneer Makes Constitutional History". Life. 1938-01-24. Retrieved November 24, 2011. ^ "Women Seeking Seat on Bench". Reno (NV) Evening Gazette. March 6, 1939. p. 4. ^ Brenner, Hannah; Knake, Renee Newman (Summer 2017). "Shortlisted". UCLA Women's Law Journal. 24 (2): 70, 79–81. doi:10.5070/L3242037775. SSRN 2850599. ^ Taylor, Rebecca Stiles (October 7, 1944). "Women Lawyers Endorse Judge Florence Allen to Sit at the Peace Table". Chicago Defender. p. 15. ^ Greenberg, Doris (July 12, 1946). "People Put First in Keeping Peace". People Put First in Keeping Peace. p. 20. ^ a b Arndt, Jessie Ash (November 14, 1960). "Women's Influence Wanes; Judge Allen Warns of Slackness". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 4. ^ Morello, Karen Berger (1986). The Invisible Bar: The Woman Lawyer in America. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780394529646. ^ Ripley, Josephine. "Political Accent on Women". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 16. ^ "Allen, Florence Ellinwood". National Women’s Hall of Fame. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florence Ellinwood Allen. Florence Ellinwood Allen at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Allen, Florence Ellinwood Papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College. This page was last edited on 30 March 2024, at 14:55 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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