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Koninklike Lyfwag van Bhoetan
"2019-01-22T10:39:13"
https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C
| | Pentagon's South Asia Defence and Strategic Year Book 2008 Pentagon Press, Mar 30, 2008 - South Asia's complex geopolitical realities present a number of challenges to regional countries and dominate the discourse. Likewise, there are complex geostrategic issues which inhibit regional cooperation and add to trust-deficit. This 2008 volume captures the perspectives of experts and scholars on South Asia who offer insights of the region. Selected pages Contents |10| |16| |23| |29| Defence Economies of South Asia An Analysis |35| An Indian and Pakistani Perspective |41| Tibetan Paradox |48|Common terms and phrases [administration](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=administration&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Afghanistan](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Afghanistan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [agricultural](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=agricultural&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Al Qaeda](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Al+Qaeda&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [areas](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=areas&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [armed forces](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=armed+forces&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Army](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Army&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [artillery](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=artillery&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Asian](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Asian&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Balochistan](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Balochistan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Bangladesh](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Bangladesh&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [battalions](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=battalions&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Bhutan](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Bhutan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [border](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=border&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [brigade](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=brigade&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [British](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=British&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [budget](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=budget&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Central](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Central&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [century](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=century&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [China](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=China&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Chinese](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Chinese&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [conflict](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=conflict&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [constitution](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=constitution&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Dalai Lama](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Dalai+Lama&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=DEFENCE+AND+STRATEGIC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Delhi](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Delhi&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [domestic](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=domestic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [East](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=East&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [economic](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=economic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [elections](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=elections&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [energy](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=energy&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [estimated](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=estimated&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [ethnic](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=ethnic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [exports](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=exports&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [foreign](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=foreign&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [global](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=global&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [groups](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=groups&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [growth](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=growth&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Helicopters](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Helicopters&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [important](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=important&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [increased](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=increased&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [independence](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=independence&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [India](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=India&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Indonesia](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Indonesia&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [industry](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=industry&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [infantry](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=infantry&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [infrastructure](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=infrastructure&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [insurgency](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=insurgency&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Islamic](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Islamic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [island](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=island&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [issue](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=issue&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Kashmir](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Kashmir&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [land](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=land&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [launch](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=launch&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [leaders](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=leaders&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [LTTE](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=LTTE&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [major](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=major&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Malay](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Malay&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Malaysia](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Malaysia&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Maldives](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Maldives&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [militants](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=militants&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [military](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=military&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [million](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=million&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Ministry](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Ministry&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Muslim](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Muslim&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Myanmar](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Myanmar&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [natural gas](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=natural+gas&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Nepal](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Nepal&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [nuclear](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=nuclear&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [official](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=official&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [operations](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=operations&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Pakistan](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Pakistan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [People's](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=People%27s&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [pipeline](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=pipeline&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [political parties](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=political+parties&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [population](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=population&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [president](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=president&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [prime minister](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=prime+minister&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [production](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=production&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [provinces](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=provinces&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [regiments](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=regiments&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [region](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=region&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [relations](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=relations&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [religious](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=religious&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [reserves](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=reserves&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [SAARC](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=SAARC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [satellites](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=satellites&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [sector](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=sector&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Singapore](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Singapore&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Sinhalese](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Sinhalese&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [SOUTH ASIA DEFENCE](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=SOUTH+ASIA+DEFENCE&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [squadron](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=squadron&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [square kilometres](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=square+kilometres&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Sri Lanka](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Sri+Lanka&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [STRATEGIC YEAR BOOK](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=STRATEGIC+YEAR+BOOK&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [tactical SSM](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=tactical+SSM&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Taliban](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Taliban&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Tamils](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Tamils&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [territory](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=territory&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [terrorism](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=terrorism&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [terrorist](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=terrorist&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Thailand](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Thailand&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [threat](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=threat&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Tibet](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Tibet&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [Tibetan](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=Tibetan&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [tons](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=tons&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [trade](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=trade&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [transportation](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=transportation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [tribal](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=tribal&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3) [United](https://books.google.com/books?id=_5gIrF4JlB8C&q=United&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=3)
Koninklike Lyfwag van Bhoetan
"2019-01-22T10:39:13"
https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC
| | The World Factbook 2007 Government Printing Office, 2007 - NOTE: NO FURTHER DISCOUNT FOR THIS PRINT PRODUCT-OVERSTOCK SALE -- Significantly reduced list price while supplies last In general, information available as of January 1, 2007 was used in the preparation of this edition. Provides brief information on the geography, people, government, economy, communications, and defense of countries and regions around the world. Contains information on international organizations. Designed to meet the specific requirements of United States Government Officials in style, format, coverage, and content. Includes 3 unattached maps. Global studies, international relations, and military science students may be interested in this world reference book. Additionally, international relations scholars, political scientists, historians, international business executives and consultants, foreign policy advocates, and world travelers may be interested in this volume for their needs. Related products: Updated edition-- World Factbook 2016-17 can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/041-015-00325-9?ctid=1393 Previous editions of the World Factbook to be used for statistical comparisons can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/international-foreign-affairs/world-factbook International & Foreign Affairs resources collection can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/international-foreign-affairs Selected pages Common terms and phrases [agriculture](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=agriculture&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Atlantic Ocean](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Atlantic+Ocean&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [billion f.o.b.](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=billion+f.o.b.&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [billion kWh 2004](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=billion+kWh+2004&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [births/1,000 population](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=births/1,000+population&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [chief of mission](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=chief+of+mission&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [composition by sector](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=composition+by+sector&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [consumption by percentage](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=consumption+by+percentage&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [conventional long form](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=conventional+long+form&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [conventional short form](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=conventional+short+form&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [country code](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=country+code&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Currency code](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Currency+code&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [DC during Standard](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=DC+during+Standard&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [deaths/1,000 live births](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=deaths/1,000+live+births&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [deaths/1,000 population](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=deaths/1,000+population&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Democratic](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Democratic&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Desertification](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Desertification&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Diplomatic representation](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Diplomatic+representation&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [election results](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=election+results&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Elevation extremes](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Elevation+extremes&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Exports](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Exports&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [females age 18-49](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=females+age+18-49&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Flag description](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Flag+description&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [GDP official exchange](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=GDP+official+exchange&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [GDP purchasing power](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=GDP+purchasing+power&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Geographic coordinates](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Geographic+coordinates&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Geography Location](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Geography+Location&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Government Country name](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Government+Country+name&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [ICRM](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=ICRM&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [IFAD](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=IFAD&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [IFRCS](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=IFRCS&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Imports](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Imports&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Inflation rate consumer](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Inflation+rate+consumer&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Intelsat](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Intelsat&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Internet country code](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Internet+country+code&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Islands](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Islands&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [ITUC](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=ITUC&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [km Coastline](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=km+Coastline&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [Labor force](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=Labor+force&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [live births 2007](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=live+births+2007&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [live births female](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=live+births+female&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [live births male](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=live+births+male&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [male(s)/female 65](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=male(s)/female+65&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [male(s)/female total population](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=male(s)/female+total+population&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [male(s)/female under 15](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&q=male(s)/female+under+15&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&cad=2) [males 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Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
"2021-08-16T01:54:23"
http://www.royalark.net/Bhutan/bhutan4.htm
BHUTAN The Wangchuk Dynasty GENEALOGY continued from the previous page. Copyright© Christopher Buyers 1972 – 2006 H.M. Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck [Jigs-med Seng-ge dBang-phyug], Mang-pos Bhur-ba'i rgyalpo, King of Bhutan. b. at the Dechenchholing Palace, Gonpa, 11th November 1955, only son of H.M. Druk Gyalpo Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, King of Bhutan, by his wife, H.M. Queen Kesang-la Choden Wangchuk, educ. St Joseph's Sch, North Point, Darjeeling, in England, and Wangchuk Acad, Paro. Chair National Planning Cmsn 1971-1991. Appointed as Heir Apparent and Crown Prince by his father, 5th May 1972. Installed as the 15th Trongsa Penlop at the Zimchung Nang of the Trongsa Choekor Rabtentse Dzong, 15th May 1972. Succeeded on the death of his father, 15th July 1972. Crowned by Je Ngawang Thinley Lhundub at the Tashiochu Dzong, Changlimithang, 2nd June 1974. Abdicated in favour of his eldest son and heir 9th December 2006 (with effect on 14th December 2006). Rcvd: Knt of the Order of the Seraphim of Sweden (1994), Collar of the Orders of the Chrysanthemum of Japan (16.3.1987), and Mubarak the Great of Kuwait (1990), the Orders of Ojaswi Rajanya of Nepal (5.10.1988), and Khalifa 1st class of Bahrain (1990), rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008), etc. m. four sisters in 1979 (privately) and at Dechog Lhakhang, at the Pungtang Dechen Phodrang Dzong, Punakha, 31st October 1988 (in public ceremony), (first) H.M. Queen Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuk (b. at Nobgang, Punakha, 29th December 1955), educ. St Joseph's Convent, Kalimpong, and St Helen's Sch, Kurseong, India, Chief Patron to Ministry of Agriculture since 1999, Hon Presdt Sherubtse Coll since 2000, Presdt Tarayana Fndn since 2003, Patron National Folk Heritage Museum (Phelchey Toenkhyim) since 2001, etc, author 'Of Rainbows and Clouds' (1998), rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008), former wife of Kuenlay Wangdi, and second daughter of Yab Ugyen Dorji Shabdrung, by his wife, Yum Thuiji Zam, daughter of Lopen Duba. m. (second) H.M. Queen Ashi Tsering Pem Wangchuk (b. at Nobgang, Punakha, 29th December 1957), educ. St Joseph's Convent, Kalimpong, and St Helen's Sch, Kurseong, India, Co-Chair The Bhutan Fndn, and Presdt Bhutan Youth Development Fund (YDF), rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008), third daughter of Yab Ugyen Dorji Shabdrung, by his wife, Yum Thuiji Zam, daughter of Lopen Duba. m. (third) H.M. Queen Ashi Tsering Yangdon Wangchuk (b. at Nobgang, Punakha, 21st June 1959), educ. St Joseph's Convent, Kalimpong, and St Helen's Sch, Kurseong, India, Royal Patron Royal Soc for theProtection and Care of Animals, etc, rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008), fourth daughter of Yab Ugyen Dorji Shabdrung, by his wife, Yum Thuiji Zam, daughter of Lopen Duba. m. (fourth) H.M. Queen Ashi Sangay Choden Wangchuk (b. at Nobgang, Punakha, 11th May 1963), educ. St Joseph's Convent, Kalimpong, and St Helen's Sch, Kurseong, India, UN FPA Ambassador since 1999, Royal Patron Bhutan Textile Musuem, Chair Royal Textile Acad, etc, rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008), fifth daughter of Yab Ugyen Dorji Shabdrung, by his wife, Yum Thuiji Zam, daughter of Lopen Duba. He had issue, five sons and five daughters: - 1) H.R.H. Prince (Gyalsay Dasho) Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, who succeeded as H.M. Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, Mang-pos Bhur-ba'i rgyalpo, King of Bhutan(s/o Tsering Yangdon) - see below. - 2) H.R.H. Prince (Gyalsay Dasho) Jingyel Ugyen Wangchuk. b. 16th July 1984 (s/o Dorji Wangmo), educ. Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary Sch, Yangchenphug Higher Secondary Sch, Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA, and St Peter's Coll, Oxford (BA 2007). Appointed as Heir Apparent to his elder brother, 14th December 2006. HM's Representative & Presdt Bhutan Olympic Cttee (BOC) since 2009. Mbr Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) Standing Cttee since 2011. Trustee Tarayana Fndn since 2003. Rcvd: the Royal Scarf (28.8.2007), King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008). - 3) H.R.H. Prince (Gyalsay Dasho) Kumsum Singye Wangchuk. b. 6th October 1985 (s/o Sangay Choden), educ. Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary Sch, Yangchenphug Higher Secondary Sch, and RMA Sandhurst, Camberley, Surrey. Cmsnd as 2nd-Lieut Royal Bhutan Army 16/12/2005. Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008). - 4) H.R.H. Prince (Gyalsay Dasho) Jigme Dorji Wangchuk. b. 14th April 1986 (s/o Tsering Yangdon), educ. Lungtenzampa Middle Secondary Sch, and Yangchenphug Higher Secondary Sch, and Menlo Coll, Atherton, California, USA. King's Representative (Gyaltshab) for the six eastern districts of Bhutan since 2014. Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008).m. at the Domkhar Dzong, Chumey, Bumthang, 17th October 2013, H.R.H. Princess (Ashi) Yeatso Lhamo (b. 1988), educ. UWC at Wellesley Coll, Wellesley, Massachusettes, USA, eldest sister of of H.M. Queen Jetsun Pema, and daughter of Captain Dhondup Gyaltsen, of Trashigang, a commercial airline pilot with Bahrain Airways, by his wife, Aum Sonam Choki, daughter of Dasho Thinley Namgyal, of Pangtoe Goemba, Bumthang. He has issue, a daughter: - a) Ashi Decho Pema Wangchuck. b. at Gyalposhing, Mongar, 2014. - 5) H.R.H. Prince (Gyalsay Dasho) Ugyen Jigme Wangchuk. b. 11th November 1994 (s/o Tsering Pem), educ. Early Learning Center in Thimphu, Institut Le Rosey, Rolle, Vaud, Switzerland, and at Central Saint Martinâs Coll of Art & Design, London (BA). Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008). - 1) H.R.H. Princess (Ashi) Chimi Yangzom Wangchuk. b. 10th January 1980 (d/o Queen Tsering Pem), educ. Luntenzampa Middle Secondary Sch and Yangchenphug Higher Secondary Sch, Dana Hall Sch, and Wellesley Coll (B. Econ.), Wellesley, Massachusetts, and Columbia Univ (MPA), New York, USA. Royal Patron Bhutan Ecological Soc since 2010. Vice-Presdt Bhutan Youth Development Fndn (YDF). Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008). m. at Dechenchholing Palace, Gonpa, 13th October 2005, Dasho Sangay Wangchuk (b. at Thimphu, 1978), educ. St Stephen's Coll, Delhi Univ (BA), and Columbia Univ, New York, USA, Sec Dzongkha Development Authority 2005, Dir of the Dratshang 2005-2006, Sec for Religious & Cultural Affairs at the Home Ministry 2006-2007, Adviser to Dept of Cultural Affairs since 2007, eldest son of Kinley Wangchuk, by his wife, Sangay Om. She has issue, two sons: - a) Dasho Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck. b. at Samitivej Sukhumvit Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, two weeks before 15th September 2006. - b) Dasho Jamyang Singye Wangchuck. b. 2009. - 2) H.R.H. Princess (Ashi) Sonam Dechen Wangchuk. b. 5th August 1981 (d/o Queen Dorji Wangmo), educ. Yangchenphug Higher Secondary Sch, Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut, Stanford Univ (BA 1999), Palo Alto, California, and Harvard Univ (LLM 2007), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Advocate in San Francisco and at the High Court of Bhutan. Trustee Tarayana Fndn since 2003. Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008), KGC of the Crown of Tonga (with collar) and King George Tupou VI Coron Medal (31.7.2008). m. at Mothithang Palace, 5th April 2009, Dasho Phub W. Dorji, educ. Yangchenphug Higher Secondary Sch, George Washington Univ (BA) and Georgetown Univ (MA), Washington DC, USA , joined Ministry of Finance 2004, Dir Bank of Bhutan Ltd, son of Dasho Wangchuk, from Takchu Gonpa, by his wife, Aum Ugyen Dolma, from Gaselo. She has issue, two sons: - a) Dasho Jigje Singye Wangchuck. - b) Dasho Jigme Jigten Wangchuck [Tulku Vairotsana]. b. 23rd June 2013. Recognized as the reincarnation of the Great Lotsawa Vairotsana. - 3) H.R.H. Princess (Ashi) Dechen Yangzom Wangchuk. b. 2nd December 1981 (d/o Queen Tsering Yangdon). HM's Representative for people's welfare in Mongar since 2006. Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008). m. at the Dechencholing Palace, Gonpa, 29th October 2009, Dasho Tandin Namgyel, son of Dasho Kipchu Dorji, sometime Auditor-Gen of the Kingdom, by his wife, Aum Chimi Wangmo.She has issue, two sons and one daughter: - a) Dasho Ugyen Dorji. - b) Dasho Jigme Singye. - a) Ashi Dechan Yuidem Yangzom. - 4) H.R.H. Princess (Ashi) Kesang Choden Wangchuk. b. 23rd January 1982 (d/o Queen Tsering Pem), educ. Yangchenphug Higher Secondary Sch, Choate Rosemary Hall, Wallingford, Connecticut, and Stanford Univ, Palo Alto, California, USA (BA). HM's Representative for people's welfare in Bumthang since 2006. Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008). m. at Dechenchholing Palace, Gonpa, 11th November 2008, Dasho Palden Yoeser Thinley, educ. Mahidol Univ, Thailand, son of Lyonchhoen Jigmi Y Thinley, by his wife, Aum Rinsy Dem. She has issue, two sons and one daughter: - a) Dasho Jamgyel Singye Thinley. - b) Dasho Ugyen Junay Thinley. - a) Ashi ... Thinley. b. before 23rd January 2019. - 5) H.R.H. Princess (Ashi) Euphelma Choden Wangchuk. b. 6th June 1993 (d/o Queen Sangay Choden), educ. Tencholing RBA, Wangduephodrang, and Georgetown Univ (B.Soc. 2016), Washington DC, USA. Presdt Bhutan Paralympic Cttee. Rcvd: King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Coron Medal 1st class (6.11.2008). m. at Dechencholing Palace, Thimphu, 29th October 2020, Dasho Thinlay Norbu (b. 1991), educ. St Joseph's Sch, North Point, Darjeeling, and St Stephen's Coll, Delhi Univ, Delhi, India, Trainee Pilot (Airbus) with Drukair Corp Ltd 2018-2019, First Officer since 2019, younger brother of H.M. Queen Jetsun Pema, and elder son of Captain Dhondup Gyaltsen, of Trashigang, a commercial airline pilot with Bahrain Airways, by his wife, Aum Sonam Choki, daughter of Dasho Thinley Namgyal, of Pangtoe Goemba, Bumthang.
Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
"2021-08-16T01:54:23"
http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/35821914?OCID=fbasia
108,000 trees planted in Bhutan Prince's honour - Published Imagine getting 108,000 trees for your birthday present! Well that's exactly what this new baby prince from Bhutan, a tiny mountain country in the Himalayas, received. Tens of thousands of people turned up to help celebrate Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck's birth by planting 108,000 tree saplings. Bhutanese people take nature conservation very seriously and by law 60 percent of the country must always be under forest cover. Many of the people who live in the country are Buddhists, and in Buddhism trees are symbols of long life, health, beauty and compassion. Dasho Karma Raydi, who was among the volunteers taking care off the trees said: "We are now nurturing the plants as if we are nurturing the little prince''. This isn't the first epic tree-planting session that Bhutan has taken part in. In 2015 the country set a Guinness World Record by planting almost 50,000 trees in just one hour.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/2011420121856587955.html
No homecoming for Bhutan's refugees Resettled refugees warn Bhutan's government to be wary of democratic transformations if repatriation is not considered. |Despite promises from the Bhutanese government to repatriate refugees after a 'verification' process, none were allowed to return, leading to Western programmes of resettlement [| A knock on the door of his home in Bhutan one midnight turned middle-level government official Balaram Paudyal into a fugitive overnight, after he managed to elude policemen arresting him for "anti-government activities", and then fled the country. Twenty-two years later, Paudyal is living in a refugee camp in Nepal, along with thousands of fellow Bhutanese driven away in the 1980s. Last week, Bhutan agreed to resume talks to have them repatriated, raising hopes of a possible homecoming. But those hopes were dashed the next day, when the government insisted on screening the refugees, and verifying their identities. The refugees have reacted with anger, saying Bhutan is simply stalling. "Nepal and Bhutan jointly verified refugees of Khudunabari, one of seven camps, some years back," says T. P. Mishra, the 28 year-old editor of the Bhutan News Service (BNS) that operates from exile. "Though most of them were categorised as genuine Bhutanese, not a single refugee has been repatriated." The exodus started in the late 1980s. "Tens of thousands of ethnic Nepalese were arbitrarily deprived of their Bhutanese citizenship," says Human Rights Watch (HRW) in its report Last Hope. "Some were then expelled from Bhutan, while others fled the country to escape from a campaign of arbitrary arrest and detention directed against the ethnic Nepalese." Some one-fifth of the population were driven out, most of whom reached Nepal in the 1990s after wandering through India, which stands between the two tiny Himalayan nations. As the trickle of refugees became a flood, an alarmed Nepal asked the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for help and in 1992, UNHCR launched a major emergency assistance programme with the World Food Programme and other non-governmental partners. In 2006 to 2007, the number of registered refugees living in seven camps run by the UNHCR in eastern Nepal's Jhapa and Morang districts had surpassed 108,000. Some 20,000 more live outside the camps in Nepal and another estimated 25,000 in India. Life in the camps has been one long tale of hardship and deprivations. Several families are crammed into one-room shacks, sharing the same toilet. When the sun sets, darkness engulfs the camps, which are without electricity. In summer, fires devastate the camps; during the monsoon, downpours drench the rooms. Domestic violence, alcoholism and prostitution have grown, as have cases of HIV/AIDS. Though Nepal allowed the refugees asylum, it does not allow them to work or run businesses, fearing increased competition for locals. "Refugees have the right under international law to their own country," says HRW. "However, in a flawed process that was widely discredited by international observers and refugee experts, Bhutan and Nepal instituted a joint verification process to determine which refugees would be able to return." The camp residents were to have been classified into four groups: bona fide citizens; those who had surrendered their citizenship and would have to apply again; non-Bhutanese, who would not be allowed to go back; and criminals, who would face trial once they went back. Despite the verification process, no one was allowed home. In 2006 to 2007, Western countries, led by the US, persuaded Nepal to allow the refugees to be resettled in third countries. Today, the relocation of Bhutanese refugees has become the UNHCR's largest and most successful resettlement programme. Assisted by the International Organisation for Migration, 40,000 refugees had left the camps by 2010. Of the 72,733 refugees left, the UNHCR says approximately 55,000 have shown interest in resettlement and could leave by 2014. Last week, Bhutan's prime minister Jigmi Thinley arrived in Nepal on a three-day state visit, and said his government was ready to resume the repatriation talks halted eight years ago. However, he added that there should be a fresh "study" or "investigation" of the "people living in the camps". "They are economic refugees, they are environmental refugees, they are refugees of political instability," Thinley said at a press conference in Kathmandu Saturday before his departure. "And they are victims of circumstances beyond their control. But I maintain that the question of whether they are refugees from Bhutan is a subject of discussion." "Each time the Bhutanese PM visits Kathmandu, he continues to say that Bhutan is serious about the repatriation of Bhutanese refugees," said Mishra, who last year accepted resettlement in North Carolina and now works for a resettlement agency assisting Bhutanese refugees to assimilate locally. He also continues running BNS, which is a matter of pride for the refugees. "It is nothing but a tactfully played game to hoodwink the international community," he added. Mishra said he would like to return to Bhutan but his wife Renuka feels their lives would be in danger if they do. He also points out that some of the inmates in the Khudunabari camp, who were not accepted as Bhutanese citizens by the verification team, have been resettled in various western countries. "So Bhutan's claim that not all camp residents are Bhutanese is baseless," he says. Bhutan People's Party (BPP), the party founded by the refugees, has delivered an ultimatum. "We are asking Bhutan's new king, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, to learn from the democratic transformations around the world and resume repatriation talks by 2011," said Paudyal, BPP chairman. "Otherwise, we will plan tougher measures." Mishra said an underground Maoist party wants to overthrow the monarchy in Bhutan through an insurrection, and has been gaining support in the camps as well. The refugees draw parallels between Bhutan and Nepal. Till 2008, Nepal too had been a monarchy. However, its Maoist party waged a ten-year war against King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah and in 2008, managed to abolish monarchy through an election. "History shows that you can't defeat the people," Paudyal cautions. "If the king of Bhutan doesn't heed the warning, he would end up losing one day. The people will prevail ultimately." This article first appeared on the Inter Press Service news agency.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nepal,-Bhutanese-refugees-ask-new-king-for-end-of-exile-13693.html
Nepal, Bhutanese refugees ask new king for end of exile Kathmandu (AsiaNews) - Bhutanese refugees in Nepal are looking with hope, but also with some fear, to the coronation of the new monarch of the tiny kingdom of Bhutan. More than 120,000 people - driven out by the previous monarchy - are living in exile in refugee camps in Nepal. The king had expelled them because he considered them irregular immigrants, since they were of Nepalese ethnicity. The rise to the throne of 28-year-old Jigme Khesar Namgyel, the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuk, is seen as a sign of hope for a possible return home. S. B. Subba, president of the organization for human rights in Bhutan, says that the election of the new monarch is a source of "happiness" in the refugee camps, which are seeing a "rebirth of hope," but that it is necessary to "wait and see" what decisions the new king will make, because "the monarchy is the sole cause of our suffering." He also reiterated that the king "can make inroads into the minds and hearts of the people only if he permits citizens in exile to return home." But doubts are being expressed by Teknath Rijal, one of the leaders of the struggle on behalf of refugees: "I will follow attentively the decisions of the new king," the activist says, "in order to understand if he will revise the policy of his father. The time has come to face all unresolved questions." The coronation of the young king has been followed with great interest by television stations and internet sites all over the world, because of the sumptuous costumes and the magnificence of the ceremony, while the country welcomes the new sovereign with celebration. The Bhutanese refugees have been excluded from the event, having spent the last 17 years confined to the refugee camps set up by the United Nations in eastern Nepal. Most of them belong to the ethnic group of the Lhotshampas, of Nepalese origin, who from 1977-1985 suffered the discriminatory policies of the monarchy, which never granted them Bhutanese citizenship and forced them into exile. "If he does not take the question into hand," warns Teknath Rijal, " the monarchy will be at risk. The king of Bhutan could suffer the same fate as the king of Nepal," deposed by Maoist guerrillas, while the country has been turned into a democratic federal republic. The view of Vampa Rai, coordinator of the committee for the repatriation of refugees, is more cautious. Rai expresses the hope that "the new, young, and modern king, educated at Oxford, may ease their return and promote the values of democracy." The new course in Bhutan was promoted by King Jigme Singye Wangchuk in 2006, when he decided to abdicate; he remains the architect of the new democratic process, in which openness toward the outside is carefully calibrated to avoid losing the country's identity and spiritual values. The country is marked by various problems, including the situation of the young population, among whom crime, unemployment and drug use are widespread. At the time of leaving the throne to his son, King Wangchuk promised, beginning in 2008, to begin changes toward a constitutional monarchy, and create a parliament. Bhutan, nestled between India and China, has a population of 2.3 million. Buddhism is the state religion, and public expression of any other religion is prohibited. Christians are about 0.5% of the population. [Bhutan prepares to crown a new king](https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bhutan-prepares-to-crown-a-new-king-13670.html) 05/11/2008
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/bhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion/
Bhutan is often characterized as a land of perpetual happiness, a country where traffic lights are seen as too impersonal and where they measure their country's output by the famous Gross National Happiness index. Remaining unspoiled by mass tourism and ruled by a popular young monarch, Bhutan is often portrayed as a mythical place, and references to Shangri-La are so overused they have grown repetitive. Bhutan often tops the list of happiest places to live, and is a model of harmony in a hyper-capitalized world. However in the face of all this supposed harmony, Bhutan hides a very dark history. Bhutan is the world's biggest creator of refugees by per capita. In one fell swoop in the 1990s, the country expelled the Lhotshampa, an ethnic group with its origins in Nepal which made up one-sixth of Bhutan's population, to preserve its unique national identity. More than 20 years on, thousands still remain in camps in Nepal, lost in their own country. This is at stark contrast with the idyllic and homely image Bhutan has carefully curated for itself. As the world looks on at Syria and the deepening migrant crisis in the Mediterranean and concern grows, Bhutan attracts little attention. But as the world finally wakes up to the plight of refugees, it is important that one of the largest refugee populations in South Asia is not forgotten. While Bhutan expelled "migrant laborers" in the 1990s, to understand the complete picture we have to turn back to the 1600s. Bhutan may claim that the Lhotshampa are newcomers to Bhutan; however, people of Nepalese origin have been in Bhutan since 1620, when Newar craftsmen were commissioned to come to and build a stupa in Bhutan. They have been there ever since. Settling in southern Bhutan, the country's major food producing region, their numbers flourished and continued to do so for a long period. They gained the name Lhotshampa, which means people from the south. What is more, these were not uninvited or unwelcome intruders. There was a need for foreign labor during this period. Bhutan actively brought this "crisis" on themselves — lacking the manpower for infrastructure projects like the Thimphu-Phuntsholing highway meant importing manpower from India was inevitable. The migration into Bhutan continued, relatively unregulated and without government supervision. It was only in 1990 that border checkpoints and controls were introduced. The expulsion of the Lhotshampas did not happen overnight. Bhutan's Citizenship Acts of 1958 and 1985 combined to make matters worse for the group. As many Lhotshampa were given citizenship in 1958, that year was the year later given as a "cut off" point. If residents could not supply proof that they were Bhutanese residents before 1958, they were deemed to be illegal immigrants. According to human rights groups, even those who could supply the required proof were often evicted. In 1988 a census was conducted; however, poorly trained census officials made numerous mistakes in administrating the census, as well as stoking up ethnic tensions. Following the census, the Bhutanese government realized the extent of the Bhutanese-Nepali population residing in Bhutan, most notably the Nepali speaking Lhotshampa ethnic group. Ethnic tensions rose and since 1988 over 100,000 Lhotshampa have left Nepal, with many claiming to have been forced out by the Bhutanese government. Many were accused of being illegal aliens and claim they have faced violence and ethnic discrimination. Clashes, sometimes violent, between the Bhutan People's Party, dominated by the Lhotshampa, and the government are also common. Following the census, the Bhutanese government estimated that 28 percent of the population were of Nepalese origin. However, unofficial claims circled that up to 40 percent of the population was Nepali; this would be considered a majority in the south. This figure soon gained traction in the public imagination. With the events leading up to Sikkim's joining of India in 1975 still fresh in the minds of Bhutanese leaders, action had to be taken. However with an open border, migrant labor, and the geographical challenges of conducting a census in remote areas, the population numbers quoted may have been way off. Some estimates put the numbers of Nepalese population as little as 15 percent. Before the expulsion, the Bhutanese government did not help to create a positive political atmosphere. Under the "One Nation, One People" policy, the government placed cultural and linguistic restrictions upon the Lhotshampa, from replacing Nepali as a classroom language with Dzongkha to forcing all citizens to follow the national dress code of the [Driglam Namzha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driglam_namzha). Nepalis naturally resented having to be forced to wear the dress of the Ngalop majority, instead of their own traditional dress. According to one human rights report, in the 1990s the Bhutanese clamped down hard on political activities or efforts for reform. "The call for democracy and respect for human rights were termed as 'acts of treason', and an anti-national movement," a [Shadow Report on the First Universal Periodic Review of Bhutan ](http://www.apfanews.com/media/upload/final_report.pdf)found. "[An] exclusive census was carried out in the southern districts with the intention to flush out Nepali speaking population. Thousands of Nepali-Bhutanese were arrested, killed, tortured and given life sentences." Further disingenuous tactics were used by the government in attempts to manipulate or distort population levels. According to the report, "The government forced many evicted people, almost all, to sign the voluntary migration form before leaving the country. The local authorities also seized the documents that people have which can prove their Bhutanese nationality, to ensure they cannot produce them again in the future." These actions have made it incredibly hard for people to return to Bhutan. Discrimination and frankly Kafkaesque rules have been deployed making life considerably more difficult for the Lhotshampa. What is more, the report notes that only it is only "Nepali-speaking people in southern districts who have to produce their documents to prove they were in Bhutan before 1958… Bhutanese from other places are regarded as Bhutan[ese] by [virtue of] their race." This is a blatantly discriminatory government policy. What relevance do events that took place 20 years ago still have, particularly in the face of a widely heralded and mostly successfully repatriation scheme to the United States and other neutral countries? Even 20 years later, this is not a solved issue. There have been over 100,000 refugees successfully resettled abroad; however thousands remain and there is seemingly little impetus or concern for those left behind. Nepal cracked down and implemented a strict policy regarding Tibetan refugees, in response to Chinese pressure and Beijing's not unsubstantial monetary contributions. With Bhutan not able or willing to do the same, this issue has dragged on. The lack of a sense of urgency has led refugees to simply languish in camps for 20 years. Currently there are two operational Bhutanese refugee camps in Nepal, down from the original seven. The remaining camps have an estimated population of 18,000. Conditions inside the camps are hard, as they were never meant to be a permanent solution. As this is not a pressing issue for either Nepal and Bhutan, with both sides preferring rehabilitation in neutral third countries, they have been happy to sit back and wait. Bhutan is currently opening up and extending itself onto the world stage, as shown by the visit of the British Prince William in early 2016. With Bhutan starting to take active steps on the world stage, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck should be forced to acknowledge the discrimination and eventual expulsion of thousands of Lhotshampas. The year 2016 is a long way from 1975, and fears of a repeat of the Sikkimese secession to India should no longer be held as a viable threat in Bhutan. As a result, the geopolitical situations that created the paranoia behind the decisions in the 1990s are no longer there; therefore the Lhotshampas should once again be able to live in Bhutan. Finally and most importantly, this is a matter of mutual benefit for both Thimphu and Kathmandu. With Nepal and Bhutan being the two remaining sovereign Himalayan states, they could have a very mutually beneficial partnership in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. They are both nations affected by political, industrial, and social developments in India, and are both at the mercy of Indo-Sino relations. Yet Bhutan-Nepal relations have been a standstill for years. The refugee crisis has effectively put a halt on relations and until this issue is resolved it doesn't seem likely they will improve anytime soon. Once this issue is dealt with there is no reason that they should not be strong, committed allies. Maximillian Mørch is a post-graduate student living in Kathmandu writing about disaster management, politics, and current affairs.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20120416-kingdom-in-the-clouds-of-bhutan
Bhutan, the kingdom of the clouds The Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan is a place where Buddhist traditions mix with modernity, and reverence is shown to tigers and the flaming thunderbolt of wisdom. The edge of a forest cloaked in clouds, thick with the scent of pine and garlanded with peach blossoms, a sign reads 'Please do not tease the animals'. Here live the takins of Thimpu. A local legend tells how the Bhutanese national animal was created from the remains of a lunch eaten by Lama Drukpa Kunley, a 15th-century Buddhist saint also known as 'the Divine Madman'. He demonstrated the outlandish power of his magic by taking the skeleton of a cow and the skull of a goat, theatrically combining the two before bringing them back to life with a loud belch. And so one of nature's more awkward creatures was born. Today, a herd of takins lives within a refuge at the edge of Thimpu, the sleepy capital of a country the size of Switzerland with a total population of just 700,000. In the 1990s, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, then king of Bhutan, granted the takins freedom from the captivity of a zoo. This gesture represented an early ripple before a wave of modernity was allowed to sweep through his secretive mountain kingdom, a world all of its own between China and the northeastern tip of India. The first tourists were only permitted to come here in 1974, democracy wasn't introduced until 2008, and there is now a TV channel (just the one), showing a mixture of Hollywood, Bollywood and spectacularly melodramatic local movies. The takins were poorly equipped to make the most of their release, swaggering through town, lazily searching for food and generally troubling the populace. There seemed little choice but to corral them into Thimpu's Motithang Takin Preserve, which offered a little more of the space that their wild relatives enjoy at the opposite end of the country, in the remote east. The job of guarding these hapless beasts now falls to Kuenzang Gyeltshen, who lives with his young family in a hut inside the boundaries of the preserve, weaving shawls and tending his garden of herbs, garlic and chilli peppers. 'I rise early to feed the takins, around 6am', he says. Kuenzang does all he can to prevent visitors from offering the national animal a taste of the national dish, ema datshi – a heart-quaking mix of potent chillies and melted cheese that can wreak equal havoc on the digestive systems of takins as those of unacclimatised foreigners. 'People would be best to stick to giving them the occasional apple,' he suggests. A menagerie of even more peculiar animals is to be found in Thimpu's National Institute for Zorig Chusum, also known as The Painting School. Here the traditional crafts of Bhutan are taught to a fresh generation. In the wood-carving classroom, the heads of a tiger, leopard, boar, owl, snake, deer, dog, ox, rabbit, dragon and a mythical bird called a garuda all snarl down at onlookers. Each has a fearsome set of fangs exposed – even the owl and rabbit. The students are creating masks that will be gaudily painted in the style of those worn by performers at the tsechus – religious festivals – held across the country as the grip of the long Himalayan winter releases each spring. In the classroom next door, 21-year-old Dechen Dema gulps hard as her tutor, Dawa Tshering, presents the artwork she must attempt to replicate. This is a fiendishly complex sculpture of Avalokites´vara, a Buddhist god of compassion with multiple heads and spindly limbs that today need to be worked from soft clay. Dechen's shyness belies her great dexterity as she sets about her task. 'My family are very proud of my progress,' she says. 'None of them would know how to make something like this.' Dechen considers herself fortunate to be a pupil; prior to 1998, tradition prevented girls from being admitted to the school. The end of the day's studies are signalled by the echoing clang of a brass bell being struck outside. A portrait of Bhutan's youthful current king, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, looks down handsomely and sternly as pupils file past a locker with 'I feel better when I'm drunk' scratched in graffiti on its door. Glorious frescoes adorn most homes and religious buildings throughout Bhutan, with creatures, flowers and intricate, abstract patterns sprawling over broad wooden beams and mud walls. One symbol that frequently looms up on the walls of houses here, with an alarming level of anatomical accuracy, is the 'flaming thunderbolt of wisdom' – a sturdy male member believed to protect the occupants of a building from harm. The owner of the original flaming thunderbolt of wisdom was the Divine Madman himself, Lama Drukpa Kunley. The saint still holds much influence over fast-evolving Bhutan. He is said to have shot an arrow from his homeland of Tibet, determined to deliver his unusual form of wisdom to the lucky girl closest to where it landed. He claimed he would break down all social conventions in order to encourage worshippers to consider the teachings of Buddha with an open mind. Bawdy language, reeling drunkenness and outrageous sexual exploits were among his techniques, inspiring certain traditions that continue right to this day. In the east of Bhutan, a practice known as 'night hunting' is only now being widely called into question. Young men will make a girl's acquaintance during the day to seek her consent for a one-night stand, then break into her parents' house to fulfil that promise as night closes in. If they leave soon afterwards then often nothing more will be said, but if they doze off and are caught by the girl's parents after daybreak, they will be duty-held to marry her. Tales abound of queues of impatient suitors forming outside the houses of popular girls, of overweight boys becoming stuck in window frames, and of mothers being accidently approached in the confusion of darkness. If machismo, a love of Buddhism and a certain urge to handle a weapon are long-respected traits in Bhutan, it may not seem so bizarre to learn that leathery Hollywood action hero Steven Seagal – star of Under Seige and countless similar movies – is one of the country's favourite celebrities. In recent years, he made a widely publicised visit to Bhutan and has been proclaimed the reincarnation of a holy 13th-century Buddhist treasure hunter. Inspired by the example of the Divine Madman, Bhutanese men still enjoy firing arrows over great distances. Just as the takin is the national animal and ema datshi the national foodstuff, so archery is the national sport. At one end of a field in the mist-shrouded countryside near Thimpu, Karma Dhendup is lining up a distant target, 140 metres away. He is a teacher turned tour guide for guests of the capital's plush Taj Tashi hotel, and like many upwardly mobile Bhutanese men, he has foregone a traditional bamboo bow for the status symbol of a high-tech carbon-fibre compound bow. 'Some invest half a year's salary in one of these,' he says. Bhutanese archery is a highly sociable, often alcohol-fuelled affair with a hint of amiable danger thrown in. Women assume the dual roles of cheerleaders and hecklers, noisily calling into question any inaccurate archer's prowess. Today there's no pause in the shooting as a cow and a couple of farmhands casually amble across the middle of the field. Karma's work involves offering visitors cultural insights and guiding them around a baffling assortment of dzongs, the monumental fortified monasteries to be discovered at every turn in Bhutan. Close to Thimpu and accessed by a steep climb on foot – equally breathtaking for its panoramic views over valleys dense with the blooms of rhododendrons and the fight for oxygen in the thin mountain air – is the Tango Goemba. Here, a privileged glimpse can be had of the gilded statues of Buddha within its inner sanctum, and boy monks learn English grammar, Buddhist philosophy and soccer skills. Also near the capital is the Pangri Zampa, a monastic temple used as a school of astrology, where a ceremony is under way to bless the country for the year ahead. Pungent clouds of incense fill the air as groups of monks chant, blow slender trumpets and perform whirling acrobatic dances while dressed as mythical heroes. Local people spin prayer wheels and present offerings of imported snacks to the monks, building a vast mound of crisps, biscuits and popcorn. The tour hurtles on over sinuous mountain roads to the imposing Paro Dzong, a combined magistrate's court and place of worship, then to the ruined Drukgyel Dzong, where defensive passageways burrow off into the hillsides, and onwards to Kyichu Lhakhang, one of the oldest structures in Bhutan, claimed to have been built in 659 AD to pin down the left foot of an ogress who had inflicted chaos across the region. Eastwards over the high Dochu La pass, sitting at the convergence of two rivers fed by meltwater from glaciers, is the beautiful Punakha Dzong, 'the palace of great happiness' where wild bees make their nests in the rafters and kings have their coronations. A short way further on is the Chimi Lhakhang, the temple of the Divine Madman and a focal point for his most ardent followers. Women who've been struggling to conceive often spend the night here, having heard of the miraculous results the saint can deliver through a blessing known as a 'wang'. Visitors are greeted by a boy monk offering cups of holy water, accompanied by a ceremonial tap on the head with a bow and arrow and a 12-inch mahogany phallus. Photography, though tempting, is discouraged. The magic thunderbolt of wisdom is much in evidence on the thick-set walls of farmhouses in the surrounding rice fields. Karma says: 'We have a saying, "Protect your house with a phallus, protect your phallus with a condom!". This is modern Bhutan.' For him, contemporary life means wearing the national costume of a gho – a cloak worn over knee-length socks – during the day and a tracksuit in the evening. It means a life shared on Facebook, choosing Bob Marley & The Wailers' Three Little Birds as the hold music on his smartphone, and recalling Stephen Hawking's teachings about space and time with the same reverence as the Buddhist philosophy his country has so long been enveloped in. Most of Karma's clients are eager to visit the Taktshang Goemba, or Tiger's Nest. This monastery was built at the place where Guru Rinpoche – another of the country's favourite religious figures – is said to have arrived on the back of a consort he'd transformed into a flying tigress. Legend tells that he went on to subdue a local demon before spending three months here meditating in a cave. We plan to approach the Tiger's Nest the long way round, across the craggy spines of the surrounding mountains rather than up the well-made path from the car park a couple of hours below. The two-day route follows part of a smuggler's trail that continues to Tibet, where Bhutanese men in bleached jeans and knock-off Nike trainers guide pony trains laden with Chinese medicines, radios and DVD players. The trail passes through cloud forests draped with tendrils of moss, over ridges where trees have been contorted sideways by the prevailing winds and eagles drift far above. Beyond lie the sacred, unclimbed peaks of Bhutan's tallest mountains, rising more than 7,000 metres and capped with snow throughout the year. The trail opens onto a high plateau where yak herders seek shelter in winter and the Uma Paro hotel establishes a tented camp in the spring and summer. Guests spend the night in these gale-shaken tents before heading to the Tiger's Nest at first light. As dusk settles, the smoke of a warming bonfire mingles with flakes of snow dropping all around, our lungs aching from the altitude. Whispers turn to the mythical yetis that have been given their own national park in the east, and of a population of tigers recently tracked by government rangers within sight of this camp. For generations, monks living at the peak's summit have told of watching a ghostly tigress stalk the surrounding plateau under the light of a full moon, wondering if they were witnessing the reappearance of the flying tigress once ridden by the founder of the Tiger's Nest monastery. A black billy goat with horns painted bright yellow has been dragged up here by two men seeking the karmic benefits of saving him from being slaughtered for a feast. They deliver the goat into the freedom of one of Bhutan's most sacred high places, abandoning him to the wilderness in the process. He bleats pitifully all night, fearing unseen predators, desperately latching on to our party as we descend towards the Tiger's Nest at dawn. A few hours later, the goat appears to express joy and relief at being handed over to some monks who tend a collection of similarly abandoned creatures in their idyllic mountainside farm. He will spend the rest of his days here, safely cloaked by the comfort of tradition, looking out over a country where the wild is always close at hand. Ahead is the Tiger's Nest, a shimmering monument with golden pinnacles to its rooftops set over stark, whitewashed walls that somehow cling to the cliff face. From the path where pilgrims gather to look on in awe, ropes bearing prayer flags in a rainbow of colours are strung over a deep gorge towards the monastery. These carry the wishes of believers off on the breeze, spiralling them across the valley beyond – full of hope for the present and wonder at a future once unimagined in this kingdom of the clouds.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/2011420121856587955.html
No homecoming for Bhutan's refugees Resettled refugees warn Bhutan's government to be wary of democratic transformations if repatriation is not considered. |Despite promises from the Bhutanese government to repatriate refugees after a 'verification' process, none were allowed to return, leading to Western programmes of resettlement [| A knock on the door of his home in Bhutan one midnight turned middle-level government official Balaram Paudyal into a fugitive overnight, after he managed to elude policemen arresting him for "anti-government activities", and then fled the country. Twenty-two years later, Paudyal is living in a refugee camp in Nepal, along with thousands of fellow Bhutanese driven away in the 1980s. Last week, Bhutan agreed to resume talks to have them repatriated, raising hopes of a possible homecoming. But those hopes were dashed the next day, when the government insisted on screening the refugees, and verifying their identities. The refugees have reacted with anger, saying Bhutan is simply stalling. "Nepal and Bhutan jointly verified refugees of Khudunabari, one of seven camps, some years back," says T. P. Mishra, the 28 year-old editor of the Bhutan News Service (BNS) that operates from exile. "Though most of them were categorised as genuine Bhutanese, not a single refugee has been repatriated." The exodus started in the late 1980s. "Tens of thousands of ethnic Nepalese were arbitrarily deprived of their Bhutanese citizenship," says Human Rights Watch (HRW) in its report Last Hope. "Some were then expelled from Bhutan, while others fled the country to escape from a campaign of arbitrary arrest and detention directed against the ethnic Nepalese." Some one-fifth of the population were driven out, most of whom reached Nepal in the 1990s after wandering through India, which stands between the two tiny Himalayan nations. As the trickle of refugees became a flood, an alarmed Nepal asked the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for help and in 1992, UNHCR launched a major emergency assistance programme with the World Food Programme and other non-governmental partners. In 2006 to 2007, the number of registered refugees living in seven camps run by the UNHCR in eastern Nepal's Jhapa and Morang districts had surpassed 108,000. Some 20,000 more live outside the camps in Nepal and another estimated 25,000 in India. Life in the camps has been one long tale of hardship and deprivations. Several families are crammed into one-room shacks, sharing the same toilet. When the sun sets, darkness engulfs the camps, which are without electricity. In summer, fires devastate the camps; during the monsoon, downpours drench the rooms. Domestic violence, alcoholism and prostitution have grown, as have cases of HIV/AIDS. Though Nepal allowed the refugees asylum, it does not allow them to work or run businesses, fearing increased competition for locals. "Refugees have the right under international law to their own country," says HRW. "However, in a flawed process that was widely discredited by international observers and refugee experts, Bhutan and Nepal instituted a joint verification process to determine which refugees would be able to return." The camp residents were to have been classified into four groups: bona fide citizens; those who had surrendered their citizenship and would have to apply again; non-Bhutanese, who would not be allowed to go back; and criminals, who would face trial once they went back. Despite the verification process, no one was allowed home. In 2006 to 2007, Western countries, led by the US, persuaded Nepal to allow the refugees to be resettled in third countries. Today, the relocation of Bhutanese refugees has become the UNHCR's largest and most successful resettlement programme. Assisted by the International Organisation for Migration, 40,000 refugees had left the camps by 2010. Of the 72,733 refugees left, the UNHCR says approximately 55,000 have shown interest in resettlement and could leave by 2014. Last week, Bhutan's prime minister Jigmi Thinley arrived in Nepal on a three-day state visit, and said his government was ready to resume the repatriation talks halted eight years ago. However, he added that there should be a fresh "study" or "investigation" of the "people living in the camps". "They are economic refugees, they are environmental refugees, they are refugees of political instability," Thinley said at a press conference in Kathmandu Saturday before his departure. "And they are victims of circumstances beyond their control. But I maintain that the question of whether they are refugees from Bhutan is a subject of discussion." "Each time the Bhutanese PM visits Kathmandu, he continues to say that Bhutan is serious about the repatriation of Bhutanese refugees," said Mishra, who last year accepted resettlement in North Carolina and now works for a resettlement agency assisting Bhutanese refugees to assimilate locally. He also continues running BNS, which is a matter of pride for the refugees. "It is nothing but a tactfully played game to hoodwink the international community," he added. Mishra said he would like to return to Bhutan but his wife Renuka feels their lives would be in danger if they do. He also points out that some of the inmates in the Khudunabari camp, who were not accepted as Bhutanese citizens by the verification team, have been resettled in various western countries. "So Bhutan's claim that not all camp residents are Bhutanese is baseless," he says. Bhutan People's Party (BPP), the party founded by the refugees, has delivered an ultimatum. "We are asking Bhutan's new king, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, to learn from the democratic transformations around the world and resume repatriation talks by 2011," said Paudyal, BPP chairman. "Otherwise, we will plan tougher measures." Mishra said an underground Maoist party wants to overthrow the monarchy in Bhutan through an insurrection, and has been gaining support in the camps as well. The refugees draw parallels between Bhutan and Nepal. Till 2008, Nepal too had been a monarchy. However, its Maoist party waged a ten-year war against King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah and in 2008, managed to abolish monarchy through an election. "History shows that you can't defeat the people," Paudyal cautions. "If the king of Bhutan doesn't heed the warning, he would end up losing one day. The people will prevail ultimately." This article first appeared on the Inter Press Service news agency.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/04/2011420121856587955.html
No homecoming for Bhutan's refugees Resettled refugees warn Bhutan's government to be wary of democratic transformations if repatriation is not considered. |Despite promises from the Bhutanese government to repatriate refugees after a 'verification' process, none were allowed to return, leading to Western programmes of resettlement [| A knock on the door of his home in Bhutan one midnight turned middle-level government official Balaram Paudyal into a fugitive overnight, after he managed to elude policemen arresting him for "anti-government activities", and then fled the country. Twenty-two years later, Paudyal is living in a refugee camp in Nepal, along with thousands of fellow Bhutanese driven away in the 1980s. Last week, Bhutan agreed to resume talks to have them repatriated, raising hopes of a possible homecoming. But those hopes were dashed the next day, when the government insisted on screening the refugees, and verifying their identities. The refugees have reacted with anger, saying Bhutan is simply stalling. "Nepal and Bhutan jointly verified refugees of Khudunabari, one of seven camps, some years back," says T. P. Mishra, the 28 year-old editor of the Bhutan News Service (BNS) that operates from exile. "Though most of them were categorised as genuine Bhutanese, not a single refugee has been repatriated." The exodus started in the late 1980s. "Tens of thousands of ethnic Nepalese were arbitrarily deprived of their Bhutanese citizenship," says Human Rights Watch (HRW) in its report Last Hope. "Some were then expelled from Bhutan, while others fled the country to escape from a campaign of arbitrary arrest and detention directed against the ethnic Nepalese." Some one-fifth of the population were driven out, most of whom reached Nepal in the 1990s after wandering through India, which stands between the two tiny Himalayan nations. As the trickle of refugees became a flood, an alarmed Nepal asked the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for help and in 1992, UNHCR launched a major emergency assistance programme with the World Food Programme and other non-governmental partners. In 2006 to 2007, the number of registered refugees living in seven camps run by the UNHCR in eastern Nepal's Jhapa and Morang districts had surpassed 108,000. Some 20,000 more live outside the camps in Nepal and another estimated 25,000 in India. Life in the camps has been one long tale of hardship and deprivations. Several families are crammed into one-room shacks, sharing the same toilet. When the sun sets, darkness engulfs the camps, which are without electricity. In summer, fires devastate the camps; during the monsoon, downpours drench the rooms. Domestic violence, alcoholism and prostitution have grown, as have cases of HIV/AIDS. Though Nepal allowed the refugees asylum, it does not allow them to work or run businesses, fearing increased competition for locals. "Refugees have the right under international law to their own country," says HRW. "However, in a flawed process that was widely discredited by international observers and refugee experts, Bhutan and Nepal instituted a joint verification process to determine which refugees would be able to return." The camp residents were to have been classified into four groups: bona fide citizens; those who had surrendered their citizenship and would have to apply again; non-Bhutanese, who would not be allowed to go back; and criminals, who would face trial once they went back. Despite the verification process, no one was allowed home. In 2006 to 2007, Western countries, led by the US, persuaded Nepal to allow the refugees to be resettled in third countries. Today, the relocation of Bhutanese refugees has become the UNHCR's largest and most successful resettlement programme. Assisted by the International Organisation for Migration, 40,000 refugees had left the camps by 2010. Of the 72,733 refugees left, the UNHCR says approximately 55,000 have shown interest in resettlement and could leave by 2014. Last week, Bhutan's prime minister Jigmi Thinley arrived in Nepal on a three-day state visit, and said his government was ready to resume the repatriation talks halted eight years ago. However, he added that there should be a fresh "study" or "investigation" of the "people living in the camps". "They are economic refugees, they are environmental refugees, they are refugees of political instability," Thinley said at a press conference in Kathmandu Saturday before his departure. "And they are victims of circumstances beyond their control. But I maintain that the question of whether they are refugees from Bhutan is a subject of discussion." "Each time the Bhutanese PM visits Kathmandu, he continues to say that Bhutan is serious about the repatriation of Bhutanese refugees," said Mishra, who last year accepted resettlement in North Carolina and now works for a resettlement agency assisting Bhutanese refugees to assimilate locally. He also continues running BNS, which is a matter of pride for the refugees. "It is nothing but a tactfully played game to hoodwink the international community," he added. Mishra said he would like to return to Bhutan but his wife Renuka feels their lives would be in danger if they do. He also points out that some of the inmates in the Khudunabari camp, who were not accepted as Bhutanese citizens by the verification team, have been resettled in various western countries. "So Bhutan's claim that not all camp residents are Bhutanese is baseless," he says. Bhutan People's Party (BPP), the party founded by the refugees, has delivered an ultimatum. "We are asking Bhutan's new king, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, to learn from the democratic transformations around the world and resume repatriation talks by 2011," said Paudyal, BPP chairman. "Otherwise, we will plan tougher measures." Mishra said an underground Maoist party wants to overthrow the monarchy in Bhutan through an insurrection, and has been gaining support in the camps as well. The refugees draw parallels between Bhutan and Nepal. Till 2008, Nepal too had been a monarchy. However, its Maoist party waged a ten-year war against King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah and in 2008, managed to abolish monarchy through an election. "History shows that you can't defeat the people," Paudyal cautions. "If the king of Bhutan doesn't heed the warning, he would end up losing one day. The people will prevail ultimately." This article first appeared on the Inter Press Service news agency.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nepal,-Bhutanese-refugees-ask-new-king-for-end-of-exile-13693.html
Nepal, Bhutanese refugees ask new king for end of exile Kathmandu (AsiaNews) - Bhutanese refugees in Nepal are looking with hope, but also with some fear, to the coronation of the new monarch of the tiny kingdom of Bhutan. More than 120,000 people - driven out by the previous monarchy - are living in exile in refugee camps in Nepal. The king had expelled them because he considered them irregular immigrants, since they were of Nepalese ethnicity. The rise to the throne of 28-year-old Jigme Khesar Namgyel, the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuk, is seen as a sign of hope for a possible return home. S. B. Subba, president of the organization for human rights in Bhutan, says that the election of the new monarch is a source of "happiness" in the refugee camps, which are seeing a "rebirth of hope," but that it is necessary to "wait and see" what decisions the new king will make, because "the monarchy is the sole cause of our suffering." He also reiterated that the king "can make inroads into the minds and hearts of the people only if he permits citizens in exile to return home." But doubts are being expressed by Teknath Rijal, one of the leaders of the struggle on behalf of refugees: "I will follow attentively the decisions of the new king," the activist says, "in order to understand if he will revise the policy of his father. The time has come to face all unresolved questions." The coronation of the young king has been followed with great interest by television stations and internet sites all over the world, because of the sumptuous costumes and the magnificence of the ceremony, while the country welcomes the new sovereign with celebration. The Bhutanese refugees have been excluded from the event, having spent the last 17 years confined to the refugee camps set up by the United Nations in eastern Nepal. Most of them belong to the ethnic group of the Lhotshampas, of Nepalese origin, who from 1977-1985 suffered the discriminatory policies of the monarchy, which never granted them Bhutanese citizenship and forced them into exile. "If he does not take the question into hand," warns Teknath Rijal, " the monarchy will be at risk. The king of Bhutan could suffer the same fate as the king of Nepal," deposed by Maoist guerrillas, while the country has been turned into a democratic federal republic. The view of Vampa Rai, coordinator of the committee for the repatriation of refugees, is more cautious. Rai expresses the hope that "the new, young, and modern king, educated at Oxford, may ease their return and promote the values of democracy." The new course in Bhutan was promoted by King Jigme Singye Wangchuk in 2006, when he decided to abdicate; he remains the architect of the new democratic process, in which openness toward the outside is carefully calibrated to avoid losing the country's identity and spiritual values. The country is marked by various problems, including the situation of the young population, among whom crime, unemployment and drug use are widespread. At the time of leaving the throne to his son, King Wangchuk promised, beginning in 2008, to begin changes toward a constitutional monarchy, and create a parliament. Bhutan, nestled between India and China, has a population of 2.3 million. Buddhism is the state religion, and public expression of any other religion is prohibited. Christians are about 0.5% of the population. [Bhutan prepares to crown a new king](https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bhutan-prepares-to-crown-a-new-king-13670.html) 05/11/2008
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Nepal,-Bhutanese-refugees-ask-new-king-for-end-of-exile-13693.html
Nepal, Bhutanese refugees ask new king for end of exile Kathmandu (AsiaNews) - Bhutanese refugees in Nepal are looking with hope, but also with some fear, to the coronation of the new monarch of the tiny kingdom of Bhutan. More than 120,000 people - driven out by the previous monarchy - are living in exile in refugee camps in Nepal. The king had expelled them because he considered them irregular immigrants, since they were of Nepalese ethnicity. The rise to the throne of 28-year-old Jigme Khesar Namgyel, the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuk, is seen as a sign of hope for a possible return home. S. B. Subba, president of the organization for human rights in Bhutan, says that the election of the new monarch is a source of "happiness" in the refugee camps, which are seeing a "rebirth of hope," but that it is necessary to "wait and see" what decisions the new king will make, because "the monarchy is the sole cause of our suffering." He also reiterated that the king "can make inroads into the minds and hearts of the people only if he permits citizens in exile to return home." But doubts are being expressed by Teknath Rijal, one of the leaders of the struggle on behalf of refugees: "I will follow attentively the decisions of the new king," the activist says, "in order to understand if he will revise the policy of his father. The time has come to face all unresolved questions." The coronation of the young king has been followed with great interest by television stations and internet sites all over the world, because of the sumptuous costumes and the magnificence of the ceremony, while the country welcomes the new sovereign with celebration. The Bhutanese refugees have been excluded from the event, having spent the last 17 years confined to the refugee camps set up by the United Nations in eastern Nepal. Most of them belong to the ethnic group of the Lhotshampas, of Nepalese origin, who from 1977-1985 suffered the discriminatory policies of the monarchy, which never granted them Bhutanese citizenship and forced them into exile. "If he does not take the question into hand," warns Teknath Rijal, " the monarchy will be at risk. The king of Bhutan could suffer the same fate as the king of Nepal," deposed by Maoist guerrillas, while the country has been turned into a democratic federal republic. The view of Vampa Rai, coordinator of the committee for the repatriation of refugees, is more cautious. Rai expresses the hope that "the new, young, and modern king, educated at Oxford, may ease their return and promote the values of democracy." The new course in Bhutan was promoted by King Jigme Singye Wangchuk in 2006, when he decided to abdicate; he remains the architect of the new democratic process, in which openness toward the outside is carefully calibrated to avoid losing the country's identity and spiritual values. The country is marked by various problems, including the situation of the young population, among whom crime, unemployment and drug use are widespread. At the time of leaving the throne to his son, King Wangchuk promised, beginning in 2008, to begin changes toward a constitutional monarchy, and create a parliament. Bhutan, nestled between India and China, has a population of 2.3 million. Buddhism is the state religion, and public expression of any other religion is prohibited. Christians are about 0.5% of the population. [Bhutan prepares to crown a new king](https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bhutan-prepares-to-crown-a-new-king-13670.html) 05/11/2008
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/bhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion/
Bhutan is often characterized as a land of perpetual happiness, a country where traffic lights are seen as too impersonal and where they measure their country's output by the famous Gross National Happiness index. Remaining unspoiled by mass tourism and ruled by a popular young monarch, Bhutan is often portrayed as a mythical place, and references to Shangri-La are so overused they have grown repetitive. Bhutan often tops the list of happiest places to live, and is a model of harmony in a hyper-capitalized world. However in the face of all this supposed harmony, Bhutan hides a very dark history. Bhutan is the world's biggest creator of refugees by per capita. In one fell swoop in the 1990s, the country expelled the Lhotshampa, an ethnic group with its origins in Nepal which made up one-sixth of Bhutan's population, to preserve its unique national identity. More than 20 years on, thousands still remain in camps in Nepal, lost in their own country. This is at stark contrast with the idyllic and homely image Bhutan has carefully curated for itself. As the world looks on at Syria and the deepening migrant crisis in the Mediterranean and concern grows, Bhutan attracts little attention. But as the world finally wakes up to the plight of refugees, it is important that one of the largest refugee populations in South Asia is not forgotten. While Bhutan expelled "migrant laborers" in the 1990s, to understand the complete picture we have to turn back to the 1600s. Bhutan may claim that the Lhotshampa are newcomers to Bhutan; however, people of Nepalese origin have been in Bhutan since 1620, when Newar craftsmen were commissioned to come to and build a stupa in Bhutan. They have been there ever since. Settling in southern Bhutan, the country's major food producing region, their numbers flourished and continued to do so for a long period. They gained the name Lhotshampa, which means people from the south. What is more, these were not uninvited or unwelcome intruders. There was a need for foreign labor during this period. Bhutan actively brought this "crisis" on themselves — lacking the manpower for infrastructure projects like the Thimphu-Phuntsholing highway meant importing manpower from India was inevitable. The migration into Bhutan continued, relatively unregulated and without government supervision. It was only in 1990 that border checkpoints and controls were introduced. The expulsion of the Lhotshampas did not happen overnight. Bhutan's Citizenship Acts of 1958 and 1985 combined to make matters worse for the group. As many Lhotshampa were given citizenship in 1958, that year was the year later given as a "cut off" point. If residents could not supply proof that they were Bhutanese residents before 1958, they were deemed to be illegal immigrants. According to human rights groups, even those who could supply the required proof were often evicted. In 1988 a census was conducted; however, poorly trained census officials made numerous mistakes in administrating the census, as well as stoking up ethnic tensions. Following the census, the Bhutanese government realized the extent of the Bhutanese-Nepali population residing in Bhutan, most notably the Nepali speaking Lhotshampa ethnic group. Ethnic tensions rose and since 1988 over 100,000 Lhotshampa have left Nepal, with many claiming to have been forced out by the Bhutanese government. Many were accused of being illegal aliens and claim they have faced violence and ethnic discrimination. Clashes, sometimes violent, between the Bhutan People's Party, dominated by the Lhotshampa, and the government are also common. Following the census, the Bhutanese government estimated that 28 percent of the population were of Nepalese origin. However, unofficial claims circled that up to 40 percent of the population was Nepali; this would be considered a majority in the south. This figure soon gained traction in the public imagination. With the events leading up to Sikkim's joining of India in 1975 still fresh in the minds of Bhutanese leaders, action had to be taken. However with an open border, migrant labor, and the geographical challenges of conducting a census in remote areas, the population numbers quoted may have been way off. Some estimates put the numbers of Nepalese population as little as 15 percent. Before the expulsion, the Bhutanese government did not help to create a positive political atmosphere. Under the "One Nation, One People" policy, the government placed cultural and linguistic restrictions upon the Lhotshampa, from replacing Nepali as a classroom language with Dzongkha to forcing all citizens to follow the national dress code of the [Driglam Namzha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driglam_namzha). Nepalis naturally resented having to be forced to wear the dress of the Ngalop majority, instead of their own traditional dress. According to one human rights report, in the 1990s the Bhutanese clamped down hard on political activities or efforts for reform. "The call for democracy and respect for human rights were termed as 'acts of treason', and an anti-national movement," a [Shadow Report on the First Universal Periodic Review of Bhutan ](http://www.apfanews.com/media/upload/final_report.pdf)found. "[An] exclusive census was carried out in the southern districts with the intention to flush out Nepali speaking population. Thousands of Nepali-Bhutanese were arrested, killed, tortured and given life sentences." Further disingenuous tactics were used by the government in attempts to manipulate or distort population levels. According to the report, "The government forced many evicted people, almost all, to sign the voluntary migration form before leaving the country. The local authorities also seized the documents that people have which can prove their Bhutanese nationality, to ensure they cannot produce them again in the future." These actions have made it incredibly hard for people to return to Bhutan. Discrimination and frankly Kafkaesque rules have been deployed making life considerably more difficult for the Lhotshampa. What is more, the report notes that only it is only "Nepali-speaking people in southern districts who have to produce their documents to prove they were in Bhutan before 1958… Bhutanese from other places are regarded as Bhutan[ese] by [virtue of] their race." This is a blatantly discriminatory government policy. What relevance do events that took place 20 years ago still have, particularly in the face of a widely heralded and mostly successfully repatriation scheme to the United States and other neutral countries? Even 20 years later, this is not a solved issue. There have been over 100,000 refugees successfully resettled abroad; however thousands remain and there is seemingly little impetus or concern for those left behind. Nepal cracked down and implemented a strict policy regarding Tibetan refugees, in response to Chinese pressure and Beijing's not unsubstantial monetary contributions. With Bhutan not able or willing to do the same, this issue has dragged on. The lack of a sense of urgency has led refugees to simply languish in camps for 20 years. Currently there are two operational Bhutanese refugee camps in Nepal, down from the original seven. The remaining camps have an estimated population of 18,000. Conditions inside the camps are hard, as they were never meant to be a permanent solution. As this is not a pressing issue for either Nepal and Bhutan, with both sides preferring rehabilitation in neutral third countries, they have been happy to sit back and wait. Bhutan is currently opening up and extending itself onto the world stage, as shown by the visit of the British Prince William in early 2016. With Bhutan starting to take active steps on the world stage, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck should be forced to acknowledge the discrimination and eventual expulsion of thousands of Lhotshampas. The year 2016 is a long way from 1975, and fears of a repeat of the Sikkimese secession to India should no longer be held as a viable threat in Bhutan. As a result, the geopolitical situations that created the paranoia behind the decisions in the 1990s are no longer there; therefore the Lhotshampas should once again be able to live in Bhutan. Finally and most importantly, this is a matter of mutual benefit for both Thimphu and Kathmandu. With Nepal and Bhutan being the two remaining sovereign Himalayan states, they could have a very mutually beneficial partnership in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. They are both nations affected by political, industrial, and social developments in India, and are both at the mercy of Indo-Sino relations. Yet Bhutan-Nepal relations have been a standstill for years. The refugee crisis has effectively put a halt on relations and until this issue is resolved it doesn't seem likely they will improve anytime soon. Once this issue is dealt with there is no reason that they should not be strong, committed allies. Maximillian Mørch is a post-graduate student living in Kathmandu writing about disaster management, politics, and current affairs.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/bhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion/
Bhutan is often characterized as a land of perpetual happiness, a country where traffic lights are seen as too impersonal and where they measure their country's output by the famous Gross National Happiness index. Remaining unspoiled by mass tourism and ruled by a popular young monarch, Bhutan is often portrayed as a mythical place, and references to Shangri-La are so overused they have grown repetitive. Bhutan often tops the list of happiest places to live, and is a model of harmony in a hyper-capitalized world. However in the face of all this supposed harmony, Bhutan hides a very dark history. Bhutan is the world's biggest creator of refugees by per capita. In one fell swoop in the 1990s, the country expelled the Lhotshampa, an ethnic group with its origins in Nepal which made up one-sixth of Bhutan's population, to preserve its unique national identity. More than 20 years on, thousands still remain in camps in Nepal, lost in their own country. This is at stark contrast with the idyllic and homely image Bhutan has carefully curated for itself. As the world looks on at Syria and the deepening migrant crisis in the Mediterranean and concern grows, Bhutan attracts little attention. But as the world finally wakes up to the plight of refugees, it is important that one of the largest refugee populations in South Asia is not forgotten. While Bhutan expelled "migrant laborers" in the 1990s, to understand the complete picture we have to turn back to the 1600s. Bhutan may claim that the Lhotshampa are newcomers to Bhutan; however, people of Nepalese origin have been in Bhutan since 1620, when Newar craftsmen were commissioned to come to and build a stupa in Bhutan. They have been there ever since. Settling in southern Bhutan, the country's major food producing region, their numbers flourished and continued to do so for a long period. They gained the name Lhotshampa, which means people from the south. What is more, these were not uninvited or unwelcome intruders. There was a need for foreign labor during this period. Bhutan actively brought this "crisis" on themselves — lacking the manpower for infrastructure projects like the Thimphu-Phuntsholing highway meant importing manpower from India was inevitable. The migration into Bhutan continued, relatively unregulated and without government supervision. It was only in 1990 that border checkpoints and controls were introduced. The expulsion of the Lhotshampas did not happen overnight. Bhutan's Citizenship Acts of 1958 and 1985 combined to make matters worse for the group. As many Lhotshampa were given citizenship in 1958, that year was the year later given as a "cut off" point. If residents could not supply proof that they were Bhutanese residents before 1958, they were deemed to be illegal immigrants. According to human rights groups, even those who could supply the required proof were often evicted. In 1988 a census was conducted; however, poorly trained census officials made numerous mistakes in administrating the census, as well as stoking up ethnic tensions. Following the census, the Bhutanese government realized the extent of the Bhutanese-Nepali population residing in Bhutan, most notably the Nepali speaking Lhotshampa ethnic group. Ethnic tensions rose and since 1988 over 100,000 Lhotshampa have left Nepal, with many claiming to have been forced out by the Bhutanese government. Many were accused of being illegal aliens and claim they have faced violence and ethnic discrimination. Clashes, sometimes violent, between the Bhutan People's Party, dominated by the Lhotshampa, and the government are also common. Following the census, the Bhutanese government estimated that 28 percent of the population were of Nepalese origin. However, unofficial claims circled that up to 40 percent of the population was Nepali; this would be considered a majority in the south. This figure soon gained traction in the public imagination. With the events leading up to Sikkim's joining of India in 1975 still fresh in the minds of Bhutanese leaders, action had to be taken. However with an open border, migrant labor, and the geographical challenges of conducting a census in remote areas, the population numbers quoted may have been way off. Some estimates put the numbers of Nepalese population as little as 15 percent. Before the expulsion, the Bhutanese government did not help to create a positive political atmosphere. Under the "One Nation, One People" policy, the government placed cultural and linguistic restrictions upon the Lhotshampa, from replacing Nepali as a classroom language with Dzongkha to forcing all citizens to follow the national dress code of the [Driglam Namzha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driglam_namzha). Nepalis naturally resented having to be forced to wear the dress of the Ngalop majority, instead of their own traditional dress. According to one human rights report, in the 1990s the Bhutanese clamped down hard on political activities or efforts for reform. "The call for democracy and respect for human rights were termed as 'acts of treason', and an anti-national movement," a [Shadow Report on the First Universal Periodic Review of Bhutan ](http://www.apfanews.com/media/upload/final_report.pdf)found. "[An] exclusive census was carried out in the southern districts with the intention to flush out Nepali speaking population. Thousands of Nepali-Bhutanese were arrested, killed, tortured and given life sentences." Further disingenuous tactics were used by the government in attempts to manipulate or distort population levels. According to the report, "The government forced many evicted people, almost all, to sign the voluntary migration form before leaving the country. The local authorities also seized the documents that people have which can prove their Bhutanese nationality, to ensure they cannot produce them again in the future." These actions have made it incredibly hard for people to return to Bhutan. Discrimination and frankly Kafkaesque rules have been deployed making life considerably more difficult for the Lhotshampa. What is more, the report notes that only it is only "Nepali-speaking people in southern districts who have to produce their documents to prove they were in Bhutan before 1958… Bhutanese from other places are regarded as Bhutan[ese] by [virtue of] their race." This is a blatantly discriminatory government policy. What relevance do events that took place 20 years ago still have, particularly in the face of a widely heralded and mostly successfully repatriation scheme to the United States and other neutral countries? Even 20 years later, this is not a solved issue. There have been over 100,000 refugees successfully resettled abroad; however thousands remain and there is seemingly little impetus or concern for those left behind. Nepal cracked down and implemented a strict policy regarding Tibetan refugees, in response to Chinese pressure and Beijing's not unsubstantial monetary contributions. With Bhutan not able or willing to do the same, this issue has dragged on. The lack of a sense of urgency has led refugees to simply languish in camps for 20 years. Currently there are two operational Bhutanese refugee camps in Nepal, down from the original seven. The remaining camps have an estimated population of 18,000. Conditions inside the camps are hard, as they were never meant to be a permanent solution. As this is not a pressing issue for either Nepal and Bhutan, with both sides preferring rehabilitation in neutral third countries, they have been happy to sit back and wait. Bhutan is currently opening up and extending itself onto the world stage, as shown by the visit of the British Prince William in early 2016. With Bhutan starting to take active steps on the world stage, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck should be forced to acknowledge the discrimination and eventual expulsion of thousands of Lhotshampas. The year 2016 is a long way from 1975, and fears of a repeat of the Sikkimese secession to India should no longer be held as a viable threat in Bhutan. As a result, the geopolitical situations that created the paranoia behind the decisions in the 1990s are no longer there; therefore the Lhotshampas should once again be able to live in Bhutan. Finally and most importantly, this is a matter of mutual benefit for both Thimphu and Kathmandu. With Nepal and Bhutan being the two remaining sovereign Himalayan states, they could have a very mutually beneficial partnership in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. They are both nations affected by political, industrial, and social developments in India, and are both at the mercy of Indo-Sino relations. Yet Bhutan-Nepal relations have been a standstill for years. The refugee crisis has effectively put a halt on relations and until this issue is resolved it doesn't seem likely they will improve anytime soon. Once this issue is dealt with there is no reason that they should not be strong, committed allies. Maximillian Mørch is a post-graduate student living in Kathmandu writing about disaster management, politics, and current affairs.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://reliefweb.int/report/nepal/nepal-unsettling-resettlement-bhutans-refugees
Bhutanese refugees protesting before the UN office in Kathmandu, Nepal, seeking repatriation. As resettlement of refugees from Bhutan gains momentum and the UK becomes the eighth country to take them in, leaders in exile wonder if repatriation is now a lost cause, Deepak Adhikari writes for ISN Security Watch. By Deepak Adhikari for ISN Security Watch Swanky and snow-white buses emblazoned with blue IOM (International Organization for Migration) ferry a group of people who seem out of place in Kathmandu's crowd. Led by an IOM escort, the passengers - men, women children and the elderly - queue up in single file at Kathmandu's only international airport. They are Bhutanese refugees, who after languishing in the sprawling refugee camps in southeastern Nepal, are now heading to western countries, thanks to a 2006 offer floated by the US. In early October that year, Ellen Saurbrey, US Assistant Secretary of State for Population, Refugees and Migration, told the UNHCR's executive meeting in Geneva that the US would absorb up to 60,000 refugees over three or four years. The relocation of Bhutanese refugees (third country resettlement), which began in earnest in November 2007, is largest such project in the world. So far 34,500 Bhutanese refugees have been relocated to western countries under the resettlement program. Among them, 29,496 have been relocated in the US; 1,877 in Canada; 1,787 in Australia; 461 in New Zealand; 335 in Norway; 236 in Denmark; and 224 in The Netherlands. This year, the UK became the eighth country to resettle the Bhutanese. In early August, a group of 37 Bhutanese refugees left for Bolton in Greater Manchester under the UK's Gateway Resettlement program. A total of 100 Bhutanese refugees will be relocated to the UK this year as part of the country's annual quota of 500 refugees from all over the world. Thirty two-year-old Kashinath Pokharel spent 16 years in the Kudunabari refugee camp in southeastern Nepal until he, his wife and their 16-month-old son were flown to the UK in early August. Pokharel, who spoke to ISN Security Watch said that in 1994, he and his extended family were forced to flee their village in Bhutan, heading to India and then further on to Nepal, after India refused to recognize them as refugees. In Nepal, they were corralled in the Khudunabari camp, one of 17 such settlements run by the UNHCR. The eviction Bhutanese refugees are victims of what they claim to be ethnic cleansing, a state-orchestrated campaign aimed at the depopulation of the country's south, dominated by Nepali-speaking Hindus. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Bhutan evicted 120,000 people on the grounds that they posed political and cultural threats to the Buddhist kingdom. According to Balaram Paudel, president of Bhutan People's Party, the state conducted an impromptu census only in the south. Conducted on the basis of Citizenship Act 1985, it was made mandatory for the Nepali-speaking Bhutanese to produce documentary evidence of legal residence in the country before 1958. Those who failed to produce the evidence were declared non-citizens. The state also required them to obtain a 'No Objection Certificate' in order to work, to get a license or to attend a school. The southerners were divided into seven categories and many who were married to foreigners were declared stateless, said Paudel. On November 9, 1989, Paudel - who was a village head man (mandal) of Bada block in the southern village of Sibsu village - fled to India, where he and other leaders-in-exile formed the Bhutan People's Party. Now even his party's central committee members have opted for resettlement. Gopal Gurung, the party's central committee member, recently left for The Netherlands. The official version of events does not even recognize those who fled as refugees, referring to them instead as 'illegal immigrants,' with the government denying any claims of 'ethnic cleansing' or moves aimed at getting rid of the Nepali-speaking Hindus. In an interview with Al Jazeera in mid-July this year, Bhutanese Prime Minister Jigme Y Thinley said that "the vast majority of people in camps are not Bhutanese. ... [The] People in the camps in Nepal are the victims of humanitarian situations caused by demographic explosion, ecological disaster and economic depreciation." [He also suggests](http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title=Bhutan:_A_Kingdom_Besieged) that the Nepalese are inherently migratory and have little regard for international boundaries, while in Bhutan, and should be considered "economic/migrant" refugees. He writes: "The first sightings of Nepalese in the southern foothills are reported by Charles Bell in 1904 followed closely by John Claude White in 1905. All Bhutanese records confirm that no Nepalese settled in any part of Bhutan until then." Paudel, and many others, disagree. "Historical records show that the ethnic Nepalese started to settle in the south from 17th century," says Paudel. In his book "Bhutan: Hijo Ra Aja (Bhutan: Yesterday and Today), he has traced the migration of Nepalese architects and artists from Kathmandu Valley to Thimphu 400 years back. A wave of laborers entered Bhutan in the 19th century, when the country needed them to help clear its malaria-infested jungles in the south. The new inhabitants were the migrant workers from eastern hills of Nepal as well as Nepalese living in Northeast and West Bengal in India. They were granted Bhutanese citizenship in 1958. Repatriation versus resettlement The movement for repatriation started as soon as they were settled in the camps. There have been several failed attempts at returning home. In 1996, exile-based political parties formed the Bhutanese Coalition for Democratic Movement and organized a mass rally in Kakarbhitta, a border town in southeastern Nepal. According to Paudel, one of the leaders of the movement and several demonstrators were arrested by Indian security forces, and the rally was called off. In 1997, the Association of Human Rights Activists led an 'appeal movement,' which also ended in failure and with the arrest of hundreds of protesters. The same year, the United Front for Democracy was formed to start a concerted movement for repatriation. But with t [he arrest of its leader](http://www.ahrchk.net/ua/mainfile.php/1997/2), Rongthong Kuenley Dorji, on 18 April 1997 in New Delhi, the program was cancelled. On 28 May 2007, as Bhutan was gearing up for the elections, the refugees staged a peace rally. Again, they were stopped by the Indian security forces on the Nepal-India border. Indian security forces opened fire on the demonstrators, killing one and injuring others. The leaders were forced to call off the demonstrations. This effectively marked the end of such protests, with most of the refugees turning their attention to resettlement. In 2008, Bhutan became the world's newest democracy, two years after King Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicated his throne in favor of his son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. The Oxford-educated, 30-year-old Wangchuck became Bhutan's fifth king. With the prime minister's Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party winning an overwhelming majority in the first-ever parliamentary elections two years ago, the country [now boasts](http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080044949&ch=3/25/2008%2012:28:00%20AM) a democratically elected government. According to the first constitution promulgated in 2008, Bhutan is a constitutional monarchy and the king is the head of state. But leaders-in-exile say the new democracy is a farce. Tek Nath Rizal, a former Royal Advisory Councilor who spent 10 years inside Bhutanese jails, told ISN Security Watch that "the two political parties are puppets of the king because both are controlled by royal family." And after the 15 rounds of talks between Bhutan and Nepal failed to yield any tangible results, prospects for returning home have indeed waned. Opinions are divided on the issue of resettlement. Leaders like Paudel are more optimistic about repatriation, and hold out hope that those being resettled to western countries "can be more organized and vocal in their country of resettlement," and "will be empowered and will be able to exert pressure on Bhutan." Rizal disagrees, with refugees now scattered across a dozen countries, he thinks organizing any formidable challenge to Bhutan for repatriation will be very difficult. "The US should have raised the issue of repatriation with Bhutan before it proceeded to take the refugees," he says, "The resettlement and repatriation should have gone hand-in-hand." So far, 56,444 refugees out of remaining 77,616 have declared their interest in third-country resettlement. The fate of about 20,000 others is still being decided. Deepak Adhikari is a freelance journalist.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/02/01/bhutans-ethnic-cleansing
Bhutan's image as an otherworldly and harmonious kingdom was rocked on 20 January by coordinated bomb blasts in the capital, Thimpu, and three other locations. The bombs caused minimal damage but generated political shockwaves at a time when the Himalayan state is struggling to transform itself from an autocratic monarchy into a democracy. The second-round of Bhutan's first-ever elections, scheduled for 24 March, will test whether its embrace of democracy will include its entire people. The answer may determine whether change ultimately will be ushered into Bhutan by the ballot or the bomb. Although Bhutanese police initially listed Nepal-based exile groups as their top bombing suspects, their suspicions were based more on their knowledge of historical grievances than forensic evidence. A hitherto unknown group, the United Revolutionary Front of Bhutan, claimed responsibility, saying that Thimpu's changes were cosmetic and would not benefit all Bhutanese. Though such bombings are never justified, the alarms they sound should not be ignored. This salvo should warn the government to be inclusive in its experiment with democratization. To start, it needs to address a blot on Bhutanese history that remains unresolved. In the late 1980s Bhutanese elites regarded a growing ethnic Nepali population as a demographic and cultural threat. The government enacted discriminatory citizenship laws directed against ethnic Nepalis, that stripped about one-sixth of the population of their citizenship and paved the way for their expulsion. After a campaign of harassment that escalated in the early 1990s, Bhutanese security forces began expelling people, first making them sign forms renouncing claims to their homes and homeland. "The army took all the people from their houses," a young refugee told me. "As we left Bhutan, we were forced to sign the document. They snapped our photos. The man told me to smile, to show my teeth. He wanted to show that I was leaving my country willingly, happily, that I was not forced to leave." Today, about 108,000 of these stateless Bhutanese are living in seven refugee camps in Nepal. The Bhutanese authorities have not allowed a single refugee to return. In 2006, the US government, seeing an impasse, offered to resettle 60,000 of the Bhutanese refugees. Processing has been slow to start, and the first refugees are not likely to depart until March. After 17 years of deadlock, the coincidental synchronization of elections in Bhutan and resettlement of Bhutanese refugees to the United States plays into the fears of some refugees, who believe the US is conspiring with Bhutan to keep ethnic Nepalis from repatriating and asserting their rights. These refugees insist that return to Bhutan is the only acceptable solution and they are increasingly intimidating refugees who want to accept the US offer - through beatings, burning huts, and death threats. Even if the Bhutanese government were to respect their right to repatriate under international law, its treatment of the ethnic Nepalis who still live in Bhutan suggests that the basic rights of returnees cannot be guaranteed. A Bhutanese government census in 2005 classified 13 percent of Bhutan's current population as 'non-nationals', meaning that they are not only ineligible to vote, but are denied a wide range of other rights. An ethnic Nepali non-national living in Bhutan told Human Rights Watch, "they don't ask me to leave, but they make me so miserable, I will be forced to leave. I have no identification, so I cannot do anything, go anywhere, get a job." The militants should not deny their fellow refugees the choice of going to the United States or remaining in Nepal. But a genuine choice between resettlement, integration in Nepal, or return to Bhutan can only happen if Bhutan allows refugees to return and restores their rights. Bhutan should make citizenship available to all people with legitimate claims, including the refugees who can trace their statelessness to the events of the early 1990s. If Bhutan aspires to be truly democratic, it should choose a path of reconciliation with the disenfranchised ethnic Nepalese inside and outside its borders. If instead it deliberately excludes many of its people, it may strengthen the hand of the militants and discover that simply holding elections will bring neither real democracy nor peace. Bill Frelick is Refugee Program Director at Human Rights Watch.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://www.firstpost.com/world/the-ethnic-cleansing-hidden-behind-bhutans-happy-face-918473.html
After it was named the happiest country in Asia, and the sixth happiest in the world in a survey based on the Gross National Happiness index in 2006, Bhutan has seen its brand surge from an unknown dot between China and India to a tourist destination that promises peace, love and happiness â the same ideals India did in the seventies to dazed hippies. From 300 visitors in 1974, tourism [has surged](http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/28/us-bhutan-tourism-idUSBRE84R07N20120528) and in 2011, 64,000 people visited Bhutan. âHere on the Indian subcontinent, awash in corruption, ethnic struggle, illiteracy, pollution, poverty, and the clash of civilÂizÂaÂtions, Bhutanâs paciÂfism, paterÂnalÂism, and egalÂitÂariÂanÂism stand apart,â raves Orville Schell in [his article](http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bhutan/gnh.html) titled âGross National Happinessâ. Bhutan is most often compared to the entirely fictional Shangri La, to the extent that the country's official tourism website is called "Welcome to Shangri La Bhutan". (Shangri La was described in a 1933 British novel as a mysterious valley in China which quickly settled in popular imagination as a heaven on earth.) The glowing tourist reports have ignored the issues of national identity that have fractured human rights in the country over the past 20 years. Bhutanâs transition from being an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy with its first elections in 2007 is questionable. The government authorised the establishment of only two political parties, both of whom were closely allied with the king. Even more problematically, many of the ethnic Nepalis remaining in the country, who constitute 40% of the population, are not granted the status of citizens and therefore cannot vote. For the Nepali population of Bhutan, the kingdom is nowhere close to heaven on earth. Since the 1990s, they've been terribly persecuted and their plight is barely known. In 1991 and 1992, over 80,000 Nepalis â part of the Lhotshampa ethnic group that has lived in Bhutan since the 1800s â were dispossessed and moved into refugee camps in Nepal. They have not been allowed entry into Bhutan ever since. Bhutan refuses any responsibility, instead choosing to focus on promoting the country on its Gross National Happiness index. Over the last 15 years, the [refugee population has increased to 1,00,000,](http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/03/25/happiness-and-human-rights-in-shangri-la/) and the UNHCR (the refugee agency of the United Nations) shifted its focus from repatriation to relocation of the refugees to third countries such as the US. USA alone has accepted 60,000 refugees and in 2007, the US embassy in Bhutan voiced its conÂcern that Maoists could organÂize disÂilÂluÂsioned ethÂnic Nepalis, parÂticÂuÂlarly in the refugee camps in neighÂborÂing Nepal. These events were a culmination of decades of insecurity over what was seen as a demographic invasion by the Lhotshampa on the Drukpa, the northern Bhutanese people. âBhutan saw its very existence as a nation threatened,â [wrote Kinley Dorji](http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/workshop-conference-research-reports/CAAC%20Bhutan%20final%20report.pdf) , the editor of Kuensel, Bhutanâs English language newspaper. The Bhutanese authorities removed assurances of citizenship, forced Buddhism cultural and religious codes on the Hindu and Christian minorities and used both physical violence and intimidation to evict people belonging to Nepali ethnic groups. Vidhyapati Mishra is the managing editor of the Bhutan News Service. Mishra is a Bhutanese journalist who lives in Nepal, awaiting resettlement. In the latest account of the atrocities against the Lhotshampa in the early nineties, Mishra has written about his and his familyâs expulsion from Bhutan [in the New York Times](http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/29/opinion/bhutan-is-no-shangri-la.html?smid=tw-share&_r=1&) . âMy father was held for 91 days in a small, dank cell,â remembers Mishra. âThey pressed him down with heavy logs, pierced his fingers with needles, served him urine instead of waterâ¦they burned dried chilies in his cell to make breathing unbearable. He agreed eventually to sign what were called voluntary migration forms and was given a week to leave the country our family had inhabited for four generations.â Reports similar to Mishra, of violence, abuse and forceful migration can be found [here](http://criticallegalthinking.com/2013/03/25/happiness-and-human-rights-in-shangri-la/) , [here](http://www.hrw.org/asia/bhutan) and [here](http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/sca/154479.htm) . They have been recorded both by Lhotshampa refugees as well as Amnesty International. The Bhutanese government today doesnât deny the exodus, but insists it was âvoluntaryâ, completely denying the multiple accounts of human rights abuse which have been placed on record. Bhutan has a lot going for it as a largely peaceful and clean country, but elevating the country to a mythological level is clearly having harmful effects now because it erases the need for accountability. âThe enormity of this exodus, one of the worldâs largest by proportion, given the countryâs small population, has been overlooked by an international community that is either indifferent or beguiled by the government-sponsored images of Bhutan as a serene Buddhist Shangri-La,â points out Mishra in his editorial. If we were to think more deeply about equality and human rights in Bhutan, Shangri La would do what it was always meant to â reveal itself as myth.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck
"2022-03-10T20:04:14"
https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/bhutan-forgotten-people-201452081049514496.html
[101 East](/program/101-east/) Bhutan's forgotten people A two-part series follows ethnic Nepalese after they were expelled by Bhutan and found themselves stateless. |Part one| In the early 1990s, Bhutanese of Nepali origin suddenly found themselves stripped of their citizenship. Bhutan enacted a royal decree of single national identity, forcing more than 100,000 ethnic Nepalese to leave. For the next two decades, they lived in refugee camps in eastern Nepal. Almost two decades later, Bhutan remains silent on their repatriation. [Filmmaker Subina Shrestha gives her view](http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/Filmmaker-view-Bhutan-forgotten-people-201452281741150260.html) [](http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/Filmmaker-view-Bhutan-forgotten-people-201452281741150260.html) [](http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/Filmmaker-view-Bhutan-forgotten-people-201452281741150260.html) [](http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/Filmmaker-view-Bhutan-forgotten-people-201452281741150260.html) Now the refugee camps are emptying with the majority of people resettled in the west. But some want to stay — clinging on to the hope of returning home, despite reports that Bhutan's discriminatory policies have left a percentage of its population grossly unhappy. Bhutan is known to many as the Last Shangri-la; the country of "Gross National Happiness". But behind the façade of a peaceful nation is a state that forcefully drove out a sixth of its population — an act which has been described as a systematic "ethnic cleansing". Sabitra Bishwa is one of more than 100,000 Lhotsampas or Bhutanese of Nepalese origin, who found themselves stateless. In the 1980s, Bhutan introduced the policy of "one nation, one people" and alienated the Lhotsampa culture. This was followed by a revision of citizenship laws. Many Lhotsampas found they did not qualify and in the early 1990s, many were forced to leave, reaching the border with India. But India's government also rejected them, taking them to the border with Nepal. In the 22 years since, the refugees have been unable to return to Bhutan. Without India's support, the Nepalese government has been unable to influence Bhutan. In the first of two special programmes, "Bhutan's forgotten people" follows Sabitra Bishwa and her family from a refugee camp in eastern Nepal to their departure for a new life in the US. Around them, the camp is emptying fast. Ninety thousand people have already left, leaving behind empty shacks and their abandoned dreams of returning home. It's a difficult choice to make, and many are heartbroken. In the camp is Sancho Hang Subba, who still dreams of returning to Bhutan. He is willing to wait in the hope that the country will open its doors for repatriation. Subba left when he was just a child and has no memory of Bhutan, but he is attached to his identity as a Bhutanese and does not want to exchange it for anything else. Subba is supported by people like Dr. Bhampa Rai, another Bhutanese exile and a former royal surgeon. Dr. Rai says that Bhutan is a country of migrants and that the Lhotsampas or the Nepalese Bhutanese had started living in Bhutan long before the current royal dynasty started. At the Bhutan-India border, a Lhotsampa still living in Bhutan is depressed about the state of the country and takes the risk to talk to us. He says the country still discriminates against his community — far from the eyes of foreign observers. Large tracks of Southern Bhutan is off limits to foreigners. He says that land belonging to those who were chased away have been distributed to the majority Drukpas. For refugees like Sabitra, relocating to the US is a relief. Her sister moved there one year ago and is keen to see her again and give a better future to her family. From the camp, we follow Sabitra to Kathmandu where the refugees are given an orientation on air travel — from how to go through security to how to find your seat. The films ends with Sabitra and her family boarding the plane, ready to start a new chapter in their lives in a new country, one that is completely foreign to them, and which we will explore in the show's part two, beginning on May 29th, at 2230 GMT. Is third country resettlement the best option for Bhutan's refugees? Share your views @AJ101East #Bhutan'sRefugees |Part two| In the second of a two-part special on 'Bhutan's Forgotten People', 101 East follows Sabitra Biswa as she leaves a refugee camp in Nepal for a new life in the United States. Sabitra was one of 100,000 ethnic Nepalese forced out of Bhutan in the early 1990s in what many describe as systematic ethnic cleansing. After 23 years as a refugee in Jhapa, Nepal, Sabitra and her family are being resettled in the city of Rochester, New York. There, they will reunite with Sabitra's sister Pabitra. For the family, the move brings dramatic lifestyle changes – from running water to kitchen stoves, shopping in US dollars and attending church gatherings. But they are not alone. Some 75,000 Bhutanese refugees have already resettled in the US. Chet Nath Timisina arrived in the US five years ago. After living in limbo for two decades in Nepal, Chet Nath now has a new house and a new identity. He is an American citizen. But he hasn't forgotten his home country. While no longer stateless, many Bhutanese are struggling to adjust to their new lives abroad. About 20 per cent of Bhutanese refugees in the US are battling depression, with some even taking their own lives. Madan Kadel was just 24 years old when he committed suicide, leaving his wife and young child with a raft of unanswered questions. But reporter Subina Shrestha finds that despite the melancholy of the past and anxiety clouding the future, refugees like Sabitra remain hopeful about this new beginning. What does the future hold for Bhutanese refugees? Share your thoughts @AJ101East #Bhutan'sRefugees | || 101 East airs each week at the following times GMT: Thursday: 2230; Friday: 0930; Saturday: 0330; Sunday: 1630. |
Anthony Burgess
"2022-12-06T17:13:08"
http://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-the-composer
Anthony Burgess These articles focus on particular aspects of Anthony Burgess's life and work, including his biography, novels, music, films, and religious beliefs. [Anthony Burgess](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/) [Novelist](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-the-novelist/) [Composer](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-the-composer/) [Playwright](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-the-playwright/) [Journalist](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-the-journalist/) [Poet](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-the-poet/) [Broadcaster](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-on-film-television-and-radio/) [Burgess on Burgess](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-on-himself/) [Catholic](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/about-anthony-burgess/burgess-and-catholicism/) Composer: 'I wish people would think of me as a musician who writes novels, instead of as a novelist who writes music on the side' — Anthony Burgess Burgess was a talented and prolific composer who wrote over 250 musical works during a musical career that spanned more than 50 years. He wrote music across many genres and in many styles. His oeuvre includes symphonies, concertos, opera and musicals, chamber music including a great deal of work for solo piano, as well as a ballet suite, music for film, occasional pieces, songs and much more. As writer Paul Phillips writes in his study of Burgess's music, [A Clockwork Counterpoint](https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719072055/), 'his eclectic and ebullient style draws upon classical as well as jazz and popular music. Grounded in the tradition of tonality that spans the Baroque period through late 19th-century Romanticism and early 20th-century French Impressionism, Burgess's music is strongly influenced by the works of Debussy and the English school of Elgar, Delius, Holst, Walton, and Vaughan Williams.' Burgess writes about his development as a musician in the first volume of his autobiography, Little Wilson and Big God. He recalls that he attended regular concerts with his father, and he remembers the world premiere of Constant Lambert's Rio Grande at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester in 1929. He also recounts hearing Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune on the radio in the 1920s. Suffering from colour-blindness, Burgess claims that 'My impaired colour sense was already finding, in the quiet impact of Debussy's orchestra, an auditory compensation.' Burgess became a competent pianist, favouring large chords, jazzy sounds and rhythms, and he developed a fondness for jazz standards. He began to write music while he was at school, and he continued while he was a student at Manchester University (1937-40), producing short choral works, settings of T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, and a draft of Doctor Faustus, a projected one-act opera. All of these early compositions are now presumed to be lost, and it is not clear how many of them were in fact completed. The only source for many of Burgess's pieces is a list he compiled in 1982 for This Man and Music, his musical autobiography. During the 1939-45 war, Burgess was a pianist in the 54th Division Entertainment Section of the British Army, arranging many pieces for dance band. In 1945 he wrote a Sonata for Violincello and Piano in G Minor which is his earliest surviving completed work. His career as a writer developed after the war while he was working as a teacher in England, Malaya and Brunei. Alongside this he continued to write music including orchestral works, chamber pieces, settings of Eliot, Auden and Shakespeare's songs, and small pieces for the piano. From the late 1960s he began to write music for film, television and theatre, including a musical version of Shakespeare's life, music for a television series about Moses starring Burt Lancaster (Burgess's music was turned down by producer Lew Grade), and incidental music for a successful production of Cyrano de Bergerac, using his own translation, at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis. Symphony in C (1975), commissioned and performed by the University of Iowa Symphony Orchestra, was the first public presentation of an orchestral work by Burgess. He said of the performance: 'I had written over 30 books, but this was the truly great artistic moment. I wished my father had been present. It would have been a filial fulfilment of his own youthful dreams.' Burgess began composing with renewed vigour, completing (among other works) a piano concerto, a violin concerto, chamber pieces based on the poems of F.X. Enderby and T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, a song cycle based on four poems by D.H. Lawrence, and a ballet suite for orchestra themed around the life of William Shakespeare. Blooms of Dublin, Burgess's operetta or musical play based on Joyce's Ulysses, was broadcast on BBC radio and by RTE in Ireland to mark the centenary of Joyce's birth in 1982. The text was published by Hutchinson. This was followed by an invitation from Scottish Opera to write a new libretto for Carl Maria von Weber's opera Oberon, and a commission from English National Opera to make a new translation of Georges Bizet's Carmen, performed at the Coliseum in London with Sally Burgess (no relation) as Carmen. In 1986 Burgess reworked his novel A Clockwork Orange as 'play with music', with songs based on melodies by Beethoven, and ending with a reworking of the 'Ode to Joy' from the Ninth Symphony. The first performance took place in West Germany in 1988, but Burgess's music was discarded in favour of new music composed by the punk band Die Toten Hosen, who later had a hit with the single 'Hier kommt Alex'. The musical version of A Clockwork Orange was broadcast by BBC Radio 3 in 2017, and there was another production featuring Burgess's songs and incidental music at the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool in 2018. The critic Paul Phillips characterises Burgess's music as having 'an angular, vigorous style, often dissonant although mostly tonal. He often wrote in conventional musical forms, such as sonata and passacaglia, and tended to write traditionally structured works such as four-movement symphonies and three-movement concertos. Burgess had a deep love of polyphony and composed enormous amounts of counterpoint; in his autobiography he wrote that each morning he tried "to emulate Bach and compose at least a fugal exposition." Curiosity compelled him to experiment with twelve-tone music, but his conservative musical tendencies led him no further in the direction of the avant-garde.' Commercial recordings include The Piano Music of Anthony Burgess (2015), performed by Richard Casey and released by Prima Facie; The Man and His Music, an anthology including four recorder pieces by Burgess, played by John Turner and Harvey Davies, released by Métier; and Orchestral Music, including the pieces Mr W.S., Marche pour une révolution and Mr Burgess's Almanack, played by Brown University Orchestra and released by Naxos. Burgess's sequence of [24 Preludes and Fugues](https://naxosdirect.com/items/burgess-the-bad-tempered-electronic-keyboard-433365) was recorded by Stephane Ginsburgh and released by Naxos on the Grand Piano label in 2018. You can hear an informative [podcast about this recording here](https://blog.naxos.com/2018/02/23/podcast-burgess-meets-bach/). There have been performances of Burgess's music all over the world since his death in 1993. With a growing number of high-profile recordings, radio broadcasts and performances by professional orchestras in recent years, it is clear that more attention is now being paid to this important aspect of Burgess's creative life. Burgess writes at length about his life as a musician in This Man and Music, an autobiographical volume in which he gives a detailed account of composing his Symphony in C. This book, edited and annotated by the musicologist Christine Lee Gengaro, was [published in the Irwell Edition of the Works of Anthony Burgess in 2020](https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526123916/this-man-and-music/). In 2024 Carcanet published a 550-page selection of Burgess's essays on music. The book is titled The Devil Prefers Mozart (see link below). A selection of scores of musical works by Anthony Burgess can be found on our [music pages](https://www.anthonyburgess.org/music-anthony-burgess/). Further reading: [Anthony Burgess: The Devil Prefers Mozart: Writings on Music and Musicians (Carcanet, 2024).](https://blackwells.co.uk/bookshop/product/The-Devil-Prefers-Mozart-by-Anthony-Burgess-author-Paul-Schuyler-Phillips-editor/9781800173088)
Magnus Carlsen
"2021-04-12T21:28:13"
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/my-perfect-weekend/8177372/My-perfect-weekend-Magnus-Carlsen.html
Last Monday I was still a teenager and my lifestyle reflects that. I can be quite disorganised in some ways and, if there is no particular reason to get up in the morning, I can stay in bed until lunchtime. I will be laid-back one minute, intellectually sharp and focused the next. Did I feel excited about finally entering my twenties this week, after years of being regarded as some kind of child prodigy, with everything that went with that? Not really. It was just another birthday as far as I was concerned. In the nature of my profession, my weekends don't follow a regular pattern. If there is no chess tournament on the horizon, I might relax by playing football with friends or having a game of squash or tennis. My main residence is a basement apartment in my parents' house in Baerum, a suburb of Oslo. My sisters also still live at home, so it is quite a family-centred existence. One of the things that first motivated me to take up chess as a child was the desire to beat my elder sister. My father, a fine chess player himself, has been a massive influence throughout my life. I also have friends locally with whom I will hang out if I am not playing chess. Baerum is a wealthy suburb, with the highest proportion of university graduates in Norway. It is situated on a rugged stretch of coastline, on a river inlet, but backed by large forests, so there is no shortage of walking options at the weekend. I enjoy hiking and skiing, like most Norwegians. In winter, there will be snow for months on end. In the summer, there are the long evenings to enjoy. But a quiet weekend at home is the exception rather than the rule. As an elite chess player, I have to travel all over the world, taking part in tournaments. It means competing against the same small group of players again and again, but I have no problem with that. Hotel rooms can be a bit samey, of course, and I spend a lot of time in the air, or waiting around at airports, but it is not a monotonous existence. One of the things that first attracted me to chess is that it brings you into contact with intelligent, civilised people – men of the stature of Garry Kasparov, the former world champion, who was my part-time coach. There are very few unpleasant people in chess, which cannot be said of all professional sports. More and more people, myself included, play chess on the internet, but there is no substitute for the real thing, two players across a board, trying to outwit each other. The preparation for a big match can take longer than the match itself. There is a lot of analysis involved. But if I am feeling tense, I might listen to music, to put me in the mood. I am currently ranked No 2 in the world, having slipped from No 1, but I want to get the top spot back and become world champion as well. The ambition to get better and better is one of the driving forces in any top chess player. If you lose that, you might as well give up. I spend about 200 days a year away from home, but that does not bother me. Chess aside, it is a great way to see the world, whether it is Russia, China, India or somewhere closer to home, like Holland, a country I always enjoy visiting. I am looking forward to playing in London this month. I had a great time there last year. I got the travel bug when I was quite young. My parents took me and my sisters out of school and we travelled all over Europe. It was an eye-opening experience and, although I love Norway, I also enjoy visiting new countries. I don't get homesick. Because of my itinerant existence, much of it spent in foreign hotels, I am very dependent on the internet for keeping in touch with friends and family. Sometimes I play online poker. Or I watch a DVD or download music. If there is a football match on television, I might watch that – my favourite team is Real Madrid. In the evenings, I either have a meal in my room or go out to a restaurant, depending how on I am feeling. But I am not a great drinker. I couldn't afford to be – I would lose my edge. I am not a fitness fanatic either, but if the hotel has a gym, I might spend some time there. In the chess world, there is a danger of becoming obsessive, lying awake at night thinking about possible moves and permutations of moves, but I hope I have managed to avoid that trap. There is a lot of preparation required before a big tournament, but I like to think I know when to be focused and when to relax. Chess has opened some interesting doors for me – I have recently modelled some clothes for the Dutch fashion brand G-Star Raw, which I enjoyed – but this is not a sport for a playboy. There is a lot of hard work involved. Despite some of the preconceptions about me, I wouldn't say I have a freakishly high IQ. I am just someone who is naturally curious. I like to stretch myself. For as long as I can remember, I have liked to learn things for myself by trial and error, rather than have them drummed into me by someone else. I was doing quite complex jigsaw puzzles before I was two. A year later, I started memorising the names of motor cars. Then it was onto geography. By the time I was five or six, I was studying maps, and mugging up on facts and figures. I knew the capitals and populations of half the countries in the world. Chess was a kind of extension of that compulsion to learn and study and master detail. But, with so much of my life ahead of me, I don't want to become obsessive or lose touch with reality. There is a world beyond chess and I am looking forward to exploring it. IN SHORT Herbal tea or stiff drink? Definitely not a stiff drink when I am playing. And I am not a great one for herbal tea either. I would be more likely to have a fruit juice. Do you believe in the spirit world? It is not something to which I have given a lot of thought. Who is your inspiration? Originally, it was my father who gave me my passion for chess. Now that I study classic matches, I learn from all the great players of the past. What was the last film you saw? The latest Harry Potter. What was the last piece of music you bought? I usually listen to music on the internet, sites like Spotify, rather than buying CDs. I listen to quite a lot of rap. How do you feel on a typical Friday evening? And Monday morning? If I am in a big tournament, I will be keyed up for that. By Monday, I will be exhausted and can sleep in for hours. Beach or snow? Either, according to season. How would you describe yourself to an alien from another planet? An enthusiast for a game that is civilised and challenging. Definitely not as a genius or freak of nature. - Magnus Carlsen is playing in the London Chess Classic at Olympia from December 8-15
Magnus Carlsen
"2021-04-12T21:28:13"
http://en.chessbase.com/post/magnus-the-chess-movie
[ ChessBase 17 - Mega package - Edition 2024 ](https://shop.chessbase.com/en/products/chessbase_17_mega_package_edition_2024?ref=RF5-TYB55LUOVF) It is the program of choice for anyone who loves the game and wants to know more about it. Start your personal success story with ChessBase and enjoy the game even more. Magnus Carlsen is widely known as the 'Mozart of Chess' because, unlike many chess grandmasters, he not only possesses an innate ability and a remarkable memory, but he blends those attributes with unrivaled creativity and intuition. Memorized moves and calculated probabilities can carry a chess player extremely far. But Magnus' journey eventually proves that there can be other elements of the game, ones that are impossible to measure or calculate. From a young age Magnus Carlsen had aspirations of becoming a champion chess player. While many players seek out an intensely rigid environment to hone their skills, Magnus' brilliance shines brightest when surrounded by his loving and supportive family. Through an extensive amount of archival footage and home movies, director Benjamin Ree reveals this young man's unusual and rapid trajectory to the pinnacle of the chess world. This film allows the audience to not only peek inside this isolated community but also witness the maturation of a modern genius. The film "Magnus" will now premiere at the prestigious TriBeCa festival in New York. It is a festival that was started in 2002 by, among others, Robert De Niro, in response to the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. The film is the first Norwegian cinema documentary that makes its world premiere at this festival. More than 6,000 contributions were submitted, and "Magnus" was selected as one of 101 films altogether. Film information: Production year: 2016, Length: 76 minutes, Language: English, Norwegian. Director: Benjamin Ree, Screenwriter: Linn-Jeanethe Kyed, Benjamin Ree, Producer: Sigurd Mikal Karoliussen, Editor: Perry Eriksen, Martin Stoltz, Cinematographer: Magnus Flåto, Benjamin Ree, Øyvind Asbjørnsen, Executive Producer: Aage Aaberge, Øyvind Asbjørnsen, Composer: Uno Helmersson, Co-Producer: VG TV, Main Island Production, Nordisk Film, Cast: Magnus Carlsen, Garry Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand. Director Benjamin Ree is a Norwegian documentary filmmaker. He studied journalism at the Oslo University College and moved on to work as a journalist for Reuters and freelance for BBC. A few years later he started making award winning short documentaries, which premiered at IDFA and Chicago International Children's Film Festival. You can read more about Benjamin (above with Magnus) in this [Time to Riot blog](http://timetoriot.com/blog/54) The film will be screening in the Regal Cinemas in Battery Park 11, Manhattan, NYC. Date and time of screenings: Thursday April 14, 9:15 p.m. (11-6), Sunday April 17, 8:00 p.m. (11-3), Tuesday April 19, 3:15 p.m. (11-6), Saturday April 23, 4:30 p.m. (11-9) – brackets indicate cinema number. The tickets can be purchased from March 29 at [Tribeca Film Festival's web page](https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/magnus-2016). Magnus Carlsen - New Chess Movie 2016 – Teaser Trailer Also read: ScreenDaily: [TrustNordisk moves on chess champion doc 'Magnus'](http://www.screendaily.com/news/trustnordisk-moves-on-chess-champion-doc-magnus/5092953.article#) Scandinavian sales agent TrustNordisk has picked up worldwide rights to a documentary about young world chess champion Magnus Carlsen. Magnus has been compiled from more than 500 hours of footage shot over a decade, from when a 13-year-old Carlsen was being bullied by his classmates in Norway for his obsession with chess to becoming world champion and the highest ranked player of all time aged 22. |Advertising| We use cookies and comparable technologies to provide certain functions, to improve the user experience and to offer interest-oriented content. Depending on their intended use, cookies may be used in addition to technically required cookies, analysis cookies and marketing cookies. You can decide which cookies to use by selecting the appropriate options below. Please note that your selection may affect the functionality of the service. Further information can be found in our [privacy policy](/pages/security).
Mark Hamill
"2021-08-16T23:16:09"
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars-the-force-awakens/mark-hamill-luke-skywalker-trivia-profile/
He may not be its biggest star, but here's why the man known as Luke Skywalker is the true centre of the [Star Wars](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/star-wars) universe This article was first published in December 2015 There's nothing about the kid that immediately screams "saviour of the galaxy". He's 24, in a checked shirt and dark pullover, and spends the first few minutes of the video looking down at his feet. His line readings are equally subdued – but given the lines themselves include "I doubt if the actual security there is any greater than it was on Aquilae or Sullust, and what there is is most likely directed towards a large-scale assault", it'd perhaps be unfair to expect him to sound like Brando in Streetcar. But towards the end of the audition, something happens. The kid shifts forward in his seat, his eyes widen, and he starts to glow. "How many more systems have to get blown away before you have no place to hide and are forced to fight?" he asks the 30-something actor sitting beside him. (It's [Harrison Ford](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/harrison-ford), from the smash hit George Lucas film American Graffiti.) What he's got is conviction – but a strange, contagious kind that makes those overstuffed lines feel as urgent and real to you as they seem to be to him. Back in December 1975, Mark Hamill was nobody special – a jobbing television actor, with a few bit parts in sitcoms and soap operas under his belt. But in that moment, he became someone you could believe in. Almost 40 years after that tape was recorded, I saw Hamill on stage in California, talking about JJ Abrams's [Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars-the-force-awakens/), and his long-awaited return to the role that made him. Looking a little paunchy and crumpled in a grey-blue shirt and loose leather jacket, with a Nineties news-anchor haircut, you probably wouldn't place the now-64-year-old actor as a saviour of the galaxy either: if pushed, you might guess former Top Gear presenter. But from the reactions of the 7,500-strong crowd in the Anaheim Convention Centre who'd given up their Saturday evenings to hear him speak, you'd have to say the Force was still with him. He reminisced about the old days, revelling in the shoestring weirdness of the original productions. While filming the scenes in the swamps of Dagobah for [The Empire Strikes Back](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars--the-empire-strikes-back/review/), for example, Yoda's dialogue had been fed to him through a radio earpiece that would often pick up a local pop music station – and he recalled that during one particularly heartfelt scene, the ancient Jedi master's croaky wisdom had been suddenly replaced by More More More, a disco song by the former adult film star Andrea True. He also spoke about the lunch he'd shared with Lucas and Carrie Fisher in 2013 during which Lucas had broached the subject of them both returning, along with Ford, for Episode VII. "My wife said beforehand, 'Maybe they're doing another film,' and I laughed at her," he said. "I thought he was going to ask us to do press for the 3D versions, or another box set. "I was in a state of shock…I couldn't say yes or no. But later I thought, 'It's not like a choice. It's like I was drafted. Can you imagine if, for some reason, I'd said I didn't want to do it? I'd have all of you" – he gestured to the arena – "surrounding my house like the angry villagers in a Frankenstein picture. I'd be the most hated person in fandom." For now, though, Hamill's standing seems secure. There's a genuine fondness in his relationship with Star Wars fans: take his [autographs](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars--a-new-hope/mark-hamill-jokes-signed-trading-cards/), which often come with a self-deprecating aside. (On a trading card that shows a heartbroken Luke outside the smouldering shell of Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru's homestead, he once scribbled: "Well, now I can go to Tosche Station whenever I want.") And while those fans know roughly what to expect from Han and Leia in Episode VII, it's Luke, while apparently a lynchpin of the plot, that remains a mystery. The trailers have offered only one glimpse of him to date: a robotic hand resting on [R2-D2's](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars-the-force-awakens/c3po-actor-r2d2-feud/) head, while sparks from a nearby bonfire drift through the dark. But Hamill's very Alec Guinness-esque beard during a spell filming on the remote Irish island of Skellig Michael in July 2014 suggests that Luke may have gone into exile in much the same way as Guinness's Obi-Wan Kenobi did in the original Star Wars film – perhaps guarding the relics of Darth Vader that the series' latest masked villain, Adam Driver's Kylo Ren, seems so eager to obtain. Or perhaps, as rumour has it, he's the film's bad guy in chief. There's no question that Hamill still matters – both to Star Wars and its fans. But I've resisted calling him a movie star because, after seeing him that night, even with the entire arena cheering him on, I'm not entirely sure he is one. In 1981, shortly after the release of The Empire Strikes Back, People magazine quoted the actor as saying the Star Wars films had turned him into "an icon, like Mickey Mouse – and though the piece made no mention of his tone, it seems unlikely to have been untrammelled glee." Not that there's anything wrong with Mickey Mouse: in fact, the cartoon character was a welcome note of constancy in Hamill's otherwise unsettled childhood. His father was a captain in the U.S. Navy, which meant he and his six siblings (Hamill was the fourth of seven children) grew up between California, Virginia, New York and Yokohama and Yokosuka in Japan. Watching The Mickey Mouse Club after school with his brothers and sisters was a favourite activity – as was losing himself in the colour funnies that came with his father's Sunday newspaper. Before he could read, he'd pore over silent strips like Henry and The Little King, while the black-and-white Adventures of Superman TV series, starring George Reeves, introduced him to the pleasures of superheroism. (He remains a keen comic-book reader and collector: as for the Disney connection, he named his firstborn son Nathan Elias after the famous Walter Elias, AKA Walt.) As a child, he harboured dreams of cartooning but the drama club at his English-speaking high school in Yokosuka made him think again. When he was 17, his family returned to California, and he moved to the city, studying drama at Los Angeles City College and renting a place of his own (a garden shed, for $55 a month). One of his first acting jobs was at a Renaissance Faire, performing six skits a day, arresting Robin Hood one minute and being cured of a broken leg by St. Peter's magic bone the next. The pay was $8 a day, though it was docked if you dropped character and broke the spell. He was blond, chipper and good-looking in an earnest kind of way: obviously, network television beckoned. His first bit-part was on The Bill Cosby Show in 1970, playing a member of a high-school poetry club, while his first regular gig came two years later, as a lovestruck teen on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Others soon followed: a voice in the Saturday morning cartoon Jeannie, a lead role in the short-lived sitcom The Texas Wheelers. He also provided the voice of Sean, the diminutive "leader of the Knights of Stardust", in Ralph Bakshi's delirious counterculture fantasy animation, Wizards, and would later reminisce about the notoriously gruff Bakshi grunting at him in the recording booth: "You call that a f_____' pixie?" It was in 1975 that Hamill's friend Robert Englund – who would go on to play the dream-stalking serial killer Freddie Krueger in Nightmare on Elm Street – who tipped him off about a promising-sounding audition. Two hot young directors, George Lucas and Brian De Palma, were holding a joint casting call at Goldwyn Studios in Hollywood. Lucas was looking for new faces for a long-gestating sci-fi fantasy adventure, that was then-titled The Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Starkiller. Ford had agreed to read the part of Han Solo, a galactic freebooter, as a favour to his old director, and in a 1976 interview, given before Star Wars was released, Hamill remembered overhearing Ford saying to the man the young actor had been politely calling Mr Lucas: "Aw s___ George, let's get this f_____' thing over with and get the hell outta here." Before that day, Lucas had intended to give the part of Luke to William Katt, another bright-eyed, blond, young TV actor. But as the audition tape attests, Hamill was the New Hope the director had been searching for. Katt, meanwhile, got the not-insignificant consolation prize of playing Tommy Ross, the pig-blood-slathered prom date of one Carrie White in De Palma's own next film. Star Wars changed everything – almost, if not quite, in a heartbeat. On the day the film opened, Lucas called Hamill and asked if he felt famous yet: when he said no, Lucas said in that case he should come to the studio and re-record some dialogue for the monaural prints (the original release was mixed in stereo). On their way home, they drove past Grauman's Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard, and noticed the line for Star Wars ran around the block. "I wanted to lean out the window," he told Gossip magazine in 1978, "and say, 'Why are you here? Why did you do this?'" At the time, Hamill thought Star Wars might be as big as Goldfinger, which made almost $125 million in the U.S. In the event, it made $307 million, and played for almost a year. Even before adjusting for inflation and adding the reissues and Special Edition, it remains [the seventh most successful film ever released](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/star-wars-the-force-awakens/george-lucas-box-office-disney/). It's strange and not a little eerie to think that Star Wars was almost Hamill's final film as well as his first. On January 11, 1977, a little over five months before the film's release, Hamill was driving his new BMW along a freeway in Southern California, fast – while listening to Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture, of all things. He realised he was about to miss his exit, and swerved, hard, across four lanes in an attempt to reach it. The car flipped onto its side and rolled off-road. Hamill broke his nose and both cheekbones. The face that cinema-goers around the world were about to get to know – was gone. "I just woke up and I was in the hospital, and I knew that I had hurt myself very, very badly," he said in 1978. "And then someone held a mirror up to my face, and I just felt that my career was over." Surgeons were able to repair much of the damage, using cartilage from his ear to rebuild his nose. But the difference between his appearance in Star Wars and in the teen comedy Corvette Summer, which he made six months after the accident, is apparent – as it is in the 1978 Star Wars Holiday Special, a universally reviled made-for-TV variety show, in which he appears, very obviously, under a thick coat of make-up and on heavy painkillers. Hamill has rarely spoken about the crash, other than to acknowledge it happened, and that his dramatic facial scarring at the opening of The Empire Strikes Back – after his mauling on the ice-blown wastes of Hoth by a hungry wampa – was only partly artificial. In May 1981, a year after the release of The Empire Strikes Back, he relocated to New York with his wife, Marilou York, a dental hygienist he'd met between making the two Star Wars films, and their son. His plan was to broaden his range, do a little theatre, before returning to Elstree Studios in early 1982 to shoot Return of the Jedi. And he had a juicy Broadway debut lined up: the lead role in Bernard Pomerance's heart-rending melodrama The Elephant Man. But the show, which had then been running for over two years, closed wihin three weeks of his debut, before even the official opening night. No doubt that slump was quickened by an advertising campaign – Hamill in his Luke Skywalker costume, with the tagline "And the Force continues…on Broadway!" – that might kindly be described as poorly targeted. A second assault – taking over the title role in Amadeus from Tim Curry, for a nine-month run in 1983 – was significantly more successful, and Hamill spent most of the remainder of the 1980s on stage. Occasionally he dipped back into film, although the films rarely merited the effort. (An exception – arguably the exception – is The Big Red One, a war movie he made in 1980 with Samuel Fuller, between Star Wars and Empire.) You might think his role in Amadeus would have stood him in perfect stead for Miloš Forman's 1984 film adaptation of that play. But apparently a fretful executive producer told Forman and his casting directors: "I don't want Luke Skywalker in this film." And that, more or less, has been Hollywood's mantra ever since. What's so cheering about Hamill, though, is he hasn't let it stop him. His love of comics helped win him a role in the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series in 1993, first as a supporting villain in a Mr. Freeze episode, and then as the Joker, another role in which he replaced Tim Curry. Warner Bros. Animation were so impressed by Hamill's reading of the character – "I saw the laugh as a musical instrument," he once told an interviewer, "that it had colours depending on his mood" – that they had him re-record all seven of the episodes Curry had already completed. Until he was in the booth, Hamill was convinced the job was too good to be true. "Because of my background, because of playing Luke," he had already concluded, "there was no way I was going to get this part." But away from the cinema, he's since become the go-to-guy. That flesh-creeping cackle in the recent, million-selling Batman: Arkham Asylum, City and Knight video games? That's him. A slew of voice-acting work followed, and more recently, higher-profile live-action roles too, many of which trade on his pop-culture cachet. He was a climate change professor in Matthew Vaughn's Kingsman, a lightsaber-wielding bad guy called Cocknocker in Kevin Smith's Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, and popped up in the current superhero series The Flash as The Trickster, a villain he'd previously played in the 1990 Flash live-action show and the 2000s Justice League cartoon. (The writers even gave him an "I am your father" line, for old time's sake.) For him, however, Episode VII is filmmaking on another scale. It's easy to forget that the original Star Wars trilogy were seat-of-the-pants productions: Hamill once (very generously) compared the gulf between them and Lucas's more recent prequels to that between "a garage band" and "a philharmonic". Under the sprightly baton of JJ Abrams, he's finally sitting with the orchestra.
Mark Hamill
"2021-08-16T23:16:09"
http://www.markhamill.com/biograph.htm
| | Mark was born on 25 September 1951 in Oakland, CA. The middle child of William and Suzanne Hamill, he has six siblings: Terry, Jan, Jeanie, William Jr, Kim, and Patrick. His father being a captain in the United States Navy, Mark grew up in a variety of places, including California, Virginia, New York City, and Japan. After he graduated from Yokohama HS in 1969, the Hamills moved back to California, where Mark entered Los Angeles City College as a Theatre Arts major. Mark's professional acting debut was on the original Bill Cosby Show, in 1971. He played an ongoing role on the soap opera General Hospital, and was a co-star in The Texas Wheelers, the first comedy show not to use a 'laugh track'. While he did a voice-over in the animated movie Wizards, (his character looks like him), his film debut was in Star Wars, 1977. He was in a car accident; specific parts of the wampa scene in The Empire Strikes Back, 1980, were written to explain the facial changes. Mark married Marilou York in 1978. They have three children: Nathan, born 25 June 1979; Griffin, born 4 March 1983; Chelsea, born 27 July 1988. Their main residence is in Malibu, California. After Return of the Jedi, 1983, Mark concentrated on theatre, and appeared in several Broadway plays, including The Elephant Man, and Amadeus. His most challenging role was the one he originated, that of Tony Hart in Harrigan 'n Hart. He sang and danced in that role, and garnered a Drama Desk nomination for Best Actor in a Musical. He also did several off- Broadway plays. Returning to film in 1989, Mark has also made several guest appearances on television shows. Two favourites with fans are Just Shoot Me! and The Simpsons. Using his talent for disguising his voice, Mark is much in demand as a voice-over actor Watch Robot Chicken, or Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce to hear how versatile he is! Mark has done several projects in the computer games field, as well. Most notable is as Colonel Christopher Blair in Wing Commander III and IV, and Wing Commander:Prophecy. The Black Pearl, a five-part graphic novel Mark co-wrote with Eric Johnson, was released on 18 September 1996. It has been adapted to a screenplay. Look for more information on this project in the future! Mark produced and starred in ComicBook: The Movie, a homage to collectors everywhere. A good bit of this was filmed at the San Diego ComicCon in 2001. He made a rare convention appearance, at Star Wars Celebration Europe Friday and Saturday, 13th - 14th July 2007 signing autographs. After a one hour talk session with Warwick Davis on the Friday, he participated in the Opening Ceremonies for Celebration Europe.
Etniese suiwering in Bhoetan
"2021-07-13T18:39:56"
http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=MARP&type=&coi=BTN&rid=&docid=469f386a1e&skip=0
Refworld's powerful search capabilities will often give you what you're looking for straight away. However, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the options that follow: We're sorry, some parts of the refworld.org website don't work properly without JavaScript enabled. Search tips If you are looking for a specific term or document, searching can help you find it quickly. When you search in Refworld, you enter one or more search terms about the item into the basic search box, and you receive search results that match those words. Searching also offers sophisticated options that allow you to narrow your search in a variety of ways, with the most powerful options reserved for the advanced search page. Be as specific as you can when searching for documents, use specific words instead of general ones. Enter words that you think will appear in the documents you want. Refworld indexes all of the words in every document. Standard searchinternational protection Will return documents containing both the words international and protection (not necessarily together). Assisted searchbidoon citizenship - By default Refworld uses assisted search to match spelling and other variations. Thus you do not need to know all a word's spellings in order to get maximum relevant results. In the example, as well as bidoon, results with bedoon, bidun, bedoun etc. will also be returned. - This is particularly useful when there are related names that are completely different. For instance, the Chocó people of Colombia are also known as Embera and Wounan. Assisted search means that a search for chocó will also include results with embera and wounan (and vice-versa). - To override this feature use ~ in front of keywords. In the example, ~bidoon will not include results with bedoon, bidun, bedoun etc. - Assisted search also encompasses UK/US spelling variations (e.g. honour/honor), apostrophes (e.g. sharia/shar'ia) and many common hyphenations (e.g. subclan/sub-clan). Exact word or phrase search"complementary protection" Use quotes to search for an exact word or phrase. Wildcard searchkar*jong spokes* Use an asterisk * within or after a query term to search for spelling variations or word forms. Note: there must be a minimum of two starting characters before the asterisk. Exclude a wordherat -taliban A dash before any query term will exclude that term from search results. In this example search will match herat and exclude results with taliban. To exclude multiple words, use brackets and separate terms with commas, e.g. -(taliban,isaf). Search for either word(fergana,ferghana) To search for documents where one word or another is present, enter keywords in parentheses separated by commas. In this example search will match either fergana or ferghana. Proximity search"case law"~2 To perform a proximity search, add the tilde character ~ and a numeric value to the end of a search phrase. For example, to search for a "case" and "law" within 2 words of each other in a document, search for: "case law"~2
Etniese suiwering in Bhoetan
"2021-07-13T18:39:56"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1171693.stm
Bhutan profile - Timeline - Published A chronology of key events: 1907 - Ugyen Wangchuck is chosen as hereditary ruler. 1910 - Treaty signed with British giving them control over Bhutan's foreign relations. 1949 - Treaty signed with newly-independent India guaranteeing non-interference in Bhutan's internal affairs, but allowing Delhi influence over foreign relations. 1952 - Reformist monarch Jigme Dorji Wangchuck succeeds to throne. 1952 - National assembly established. Modernisation 1958 - Slavery abolished. Other social reforms follow in subsequent years. 1959 - Several thousand refugees given asylum after Chinese annex Tibet. 1964, 1965 - Prime minister killed in dispute among competing political factions. Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate monarch. 1968 - First cabinet established. 1971 - Bhutan joins United Nations. 1972 - King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck dies and is succeeded by his son, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who continues policy of cautious modernisation. 1974 - First foreign tourists allowed in. Ethnic tension 1986 - New law granting citizenship on basis of length of residence in Bhutan. 1988 - Census leads to branding of many ethnic Nepalis as illegal immigrants. New measures adopted to enforce citizenship law. Government also introduces other measures to stress Tibetan-based Bhutanese culture, antagonising minority ethnic Nepali community. 1989 - Nepali ceases to be a language of instruction in schools. 1990 - Violent ethnic unrest and anti-government protests in southern Bhutan pressing for greater democracy and respect for Nepali rights. Bhutan People's Party begins campaign of violence. Thousands of ethnic Nepalis flee to Nepal. Democracy and human rights 1992 - Leader of illegal Bhutan People's Party sentenced to life imprisonment. 1993 - Bhutan and Nepal try to resolve refugee problem. 1996 - Nepal demands all 80,000 or so refugees should be accepted back by Bhutan. 1997 - Amnesty International raises serious concerns over human rights situation in southern Bhutan. 1998 - King cedes some powers to national assembly, giving up role as head of government; cabinet now elected by assembly; famous "Tiger's Lair" Buddhist monastery damaged by fire. 1999 - Limited television and internet services allowed; several dozen political prisoners released. 2000 - First internet cafe opens in Thimphu; Bhutan hit by landslides following severe flooding in region, causing at least 200 deaths. Refugee issue 2001 August - Bhutanese, Nepalese ministers meet to discuss the repatriation of Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal. Some 100,000 ethnic Nepalese say they were forced out of Bhutan in the 1980s and 1990s, alleging ethnic and political repression. 2002 January - Indian state of Assam says two rebel groups still have camps in Bhutan, despite Bhutan's deadline for them to leave the country by the end of 2001. 2003 December - Bhutanese soldiers fight Indian separatist rebels in an attempt to drive them from their bases in the south of the country. 2005 March - Proposed constitution is unveiled. It envisages a parliamentary democracy and will be adopted or rejected in a referendum. Succession 2005 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck says he will abdicate in 2008, when democratic parliamentary elections are held. The crown prince will take over as monarch. 2006 June-August - Bhutanese refugees in Nepal demonstrate over several weeks to press for third-country resettlement. 2006 September - Preparations start in earnest for first ever elections in 2008. Officials begin training for the polls which will appoint a government to take over from the absolute monarchy. 2006 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicates; Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the crown prince, assumes the throne. The former monarch had been expected to stay in power until 2008. 2007 February - Bhutan signs a landmark agreement with India which revises ties with its neighbour, giving Bhutan more say over its foreign and defence policies. 2007 April - Mock elections are staged to familiarise voters with the concept of parliamentary democracy ahead of planned polls in 2008. 2007 July - Prime Minister Khandu Wangchuck resigns so he can compete in elections planned for February and March 2008. 2008 January and February - A string of bomb blasts hits the country ahead of elections set for March 24. The attacks are blamed on groups fighting for the rights of ethnic Nepalis exiled in 1991. 2008 March - Pro-monarchy Bhutan Harmony Party wins 44 out of the 47 seats in the country's first parliamentary elections. Another pro-monarchy party wins the remaining seats. 2008 November - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is crowned king. India alleges links between Assamese separatists and Bhutan dissident Druk National Congress. 2009 April - Huanglongbing virus wipes out much of orange crop. Oranges are an important export for Bhutan. 2011 October - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck marries 21-year-old student Jetsun Pema. 2013 July - Parliamentary elections: opposition People's Democratic Party wins 32 seats in the lower house, against the incumbent Druk Phuensum Tshogpa party's 15 seats. 2013 August - Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay says Bhutan's much lauded concept of Gross National Happiness is overused and masks the real problems facing the country like increasing debt, chronic unemployment, poverty and corruption. 2015 January - John Kerry becomes the first-ever US secretary of state to hold a cabinet-level meeting with a Bhutanese official when he meets Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay in India. 2016 February - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and his wife, Queen Jetsun Pema announce the birth of Crown Prince Jigme Namgyal Wangchuck. 2017 June - Bhutan protests to China over its building of a road in disputed territory.
Etniese suiwering in Bhoetan
"2021-07-13T18:39:56"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1171693.stm
Bhutan profile - Timeline - Published A chronology of key events: 1907 - Ugyen Wangchuck is chosen as hereditary ruler. 1910 - Treaty signed with British giving them control over Bhutan's foreign relations. 1949 - Treaty signed with newly-independent India guaranteeing non-interference in Bhutan's internal affairs, but allowing Delhi influence over foreign relations. 1952 - Reformist monarch Jigme Dorji Wangchuck succeeds to throne. 1952 - National assembly established. Modernisation 1958 - Slavery abolished. Other social reforms follow in subsequent years. 1959 - Several thousand refugees given asylum after Chinese annex Tibet. 1964, 1965 - Prime minister killed in dispute among competing political factions. Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate monarch. 1968 - First cabinet established. 1971 - Bhutan joins United Nations. 1972 - King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck dies and is succeeded by his son, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who continues policy of cautious modernisation. 1974 - First foreign tourists allowed in. Ethnic tension 1986 - New law granting citizenship on basis of length of residence in Bhutan. 1988 - Census leads to branding of many ethnic Nepalis as illegal immigrants. New measures adopted to enforce citizenship law. Government also introduces other measures to stress Tibetan-based Bhutanese culture, antagonising minority ethnic Nepali community. 1989 - Nepali ceases to be a language of instruction in schools. 1990 - Violent ethnic unrest and anti-government protests in southern Bhutan pressing for greater democracy and respect for Nepali rights. Bhutan People's Party begins campaign of violence. Thousands of ethnic Nepalis flee to Nepal. Democracy and human rights 1992 - Leader of illegal Bhutan People's Party sentenced to life imprisonment. 1993 - Bhutan and Nepal try to resolve refugee problem. 1996 - Nepal demands all 80,000 or so refugees should be accepted back by Bhutan. 1997 - Amnesty International raises serious concerns over human rights situation in southern Bhutan. 1998 - King cedes some powers to national assembly, giving up role as head of government; cabinet now elected by assembly; famous "Tiger's Lair" Buddhist monastery damaged by fire. 1999 - Limited television and internet services allowed; several dozen political prisoners released. 2000 - First internet cafe opens in Thimphu; Bhutan hit by landslides following severe flooding in region, causing at least 200 deaths. Refugee issue 2001 August - Bhutanese, Nepalese ministers meet to discuss the repatriation of Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal. Some 100,000 ethnic Nepalese say they were forced out of Bhutan in the 1980s and 1990s, alleging ethnic and political repression. 2002 January - Indian state of Assam says two rebel groups still have camps in Bhutan, despite Bhutan's deadline for them to leave the country by the end of 2001. 2003 December - Bhutanese soldiers fight Indian separatist rebels in an attempt to drive them from their bases in the south of the country. 2005 March - Proposed constitution is unveiled. It envisages a parliamentary democracy and will be adopted or rejected in a referendum. Succession 2005 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck says he will abdicate in 2008, when democratic parliamentary elections are held. The crown prince will take over as monarch. 2006 June-August - Bhutanese refugees in Nepal demonstrate over several weeks to press for third-country resettlement. 2006 September - Preparations start in earnest for first ever elections in 2008. Officials begin training for the polls which will appoint a government to take over from the absolute monarchy. 2006 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicates; Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the crown prince, assumes the throne. The former monarch had been expected to stay in power until 2008. 2007 February - Bhutan signs a landmark agreement with India which revises ties with its neighbour, giving Bhutan more say over its foreign and defence policies. 2007 April - Mock elections are staged to familiarise voters with the concept of parliamentary democracy ahead of planned polls in 2008. 2007 July - Prime Minister Khandu Wangchuck resigns so he can compete in elections planned for February and March 2008. 2008 January and February - A string of bomb blasts hits the country ahead of elections set for March 24. The attacks are blamed on groups fighting for the rights of ethnic Nepalis exiled in 1991. 2008 March - Pro-monarchy Bhutan Harmony Party wins 44 out of the 47 seats in the country's first parliamentary elections. Another pro-monarchy party wins the remaining seats. 2008 November - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is crowned king. India alleges links between Assamese separatists and Bhutan dissident Druk National Congress. 2009 April - Huanglongbing virus wipes out much of orange crop. Oranges are an important export for Bhutan. 2011 October - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck marries 21-year-old student Jetsun Pema. 2013 July - Parliamentary elections: opposition People's Democratic Party wins 32 seats in the lower house, against the incumbent Druk Phuensum Tshogpa party's 15 seats. 2013 August - Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay says Bhutan's much lauded concept of Gross National Happiness is overused and masks the real problems facing the country like increasing debt, chronic unemployment, poverty and corruption. 2015 January - John Kerry becomes the first-ever US secretary of state to hold a cabinet-level meeting with a Bhutanese official when he meets Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay in India. 2016 February - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and his wife, Queen Jetsun Pema announce the birth of Crown Prince Jigme Namgyal Wangchuck. 2017 June - Bhutan protests to China over its building of a road in disputed territory.
Etniese suiwering in Bhoetan
"2021-07-13T18:39:56"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1171693.stm
Bhutan profile - Timeline - Published A chronology of key events: 1907 - Ugyen Wangchuck is chosen as hereditary ruler. 1910 - Treaty signed with British giving them control over Bhutan's foreign relations. 1949 - Treaty signed with newly-independent India guaranteeing non-interference in Bhutan's internal affairs, but allowing Delhi influence over foreign relations. 1952 - Reformist monarch Jigme Dorji Wangchuck succeeds to throne. 1952 - National assembly established. Modernisation 1958 - Slavery abolished. Other social reforms follow in subsequent years. 1959 - Several thousand refugees given asylum after Chinese annex Tibet. 1964, 1965 - Prime minister killed in dispute among competing political factions. Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate monarch. 1968 - First cabinet established. 1971 - Bhutan joins United Nations. 1972 - King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck dies and is succeeded by his son, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who continues policy of cautious modernisation. 1974 - First foreign tourists allowed in. Ethnic tension 1986 - New law granting citizenship on basis of length of residence in Bhutan. 1988 - Census leads to branding of many ethnic Nepalis as illegal immigrants. New measures adopted to enforce citizenship law. Government also introduces other measures to stress Tibetan-based Bhutanese culture, antagonising minority ethnic Nepali community. 1989 - Nepali ceases to be a language of instruction in schools. 1990 - Violent ethnic unrest and anti-government protests in southern Bhutan pressing for greater democracy and respect for Nepali rights. Bhutan People's Party begins campaign of violence. Thousands of ethnic Nepalis flee to Nepal. Democracy and human rights 1992 - Leader of illegal Bhutan People's Party sentenced to life imprisonment. 1993 - Bhutan and Nepal try to resolve refugee problem. 1996 - Nepal demands all 80,000 or so refugees should be accepted back by Bhutan. 1997 - Amnesty International raises serious concerns over human rights situation in southern Bhutan. 1998 - King cedes some powers to national assembly, giving up role as head of government; cabinet now elected by assembly; famous "Tiger's Lair" Buddhist monastery damaged by fire. 1999 - Limited television and internet services allowed; several dozen political prisoners released. 2000 - First internet cafe opens in Thimphu; Bhutan hit by landslides following severe flooding in region, causing at least 200 deaths. Refugee issue 2001 August - Bhutanese, Nepalese ministers meet to discuss the repatriation of Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal. Some 100,000 ethnic Nepalese say they were forced out of Bhutan in the 1980s and 1990s, alleging ethnic and political repression. 2002 January - Indian state of Assam says two rebel groups still have camps in Bhutan, despite Bhutan's deadline for them to leave the country by the end of 2001. 2003 December - Bhutanese soldiers fight Indian separatist rebels in an attempt to drive them from their bases in the south of the country. 2005 March - Proposed constitution is unveiled. It envisages a parliamentary democracy and will be adopted or rejected in a referendum. Succession 2005 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck says he will abdicate in 2008, when democratic parliamentary elections are held. The crown prince will take over as monarch. 2006 June-August - Bhutanese refugees in Nepal demonstrate over several weeks to press for third-country resettlement. 2006 September - Preparations start in earnest for first ever elections in 2008. Officials begin training for the polls which will appoint a government to take over from the absolute monarchy. 2006 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicates; Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the crown prince, assumes the throne. The former monarch had been expected to stay in power until 2008. 2007 February - Bhutan signs a landmark agreement with India which revises ties with its neighbour, giving Bhutan more say over its foreign and defence policies. 2007 April - Mock elections are staged to familiarise voters with the concept of parliamentary democracy ahead of planned polls in 2008. 2007 July - Prime Minister Khandu Wangchuck resigns so he can compete in elections planned for February and March 2008. 2008 January and February - A string of bomb blasts hits the country ahead of elections set for March 24. The attacks are blamed on groups fighting for the rights of ethnic Nepalis exiled in 1991. 2008 March - Pro-monarchy Bhutan Harmony Party wins 44 out of the 47 seats in the country's first parliamentary elections. Another pro-monarchy party wins the remaining seats. 2008 November - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is crowned king. India alleges links between Assamese separatists and Bhutan dissident Druk National Congress. 2009 April - Huanglongbing virus wipes out much of orange crop. Oranges are an important export for Bhutan. 2011 October - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck marries 21-year-old student Jetsun Pema. 2013 July - Parliamentary elections: opposition People's Democratic Party wins 32 seats in the lower house, against the incumbent Druk Phuensum Tshogpa party's 15 seats. 2013 August - Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay says Bhutan's much lauded concept of Gross National Happiness is overused and masks the real problems facing the country like increasing debt, chronic unemployment, poverty and corruption. 2015 January - John Kerry becomes the first-ever US secretary of state to hold a cabinet-level meeting with a Bhutanese official when he meets Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay in India. 2016 February - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and his wife, Queen Jetsun Pema announce the birth of Crown Prince Jigme Namgyal Wangchuck. 2017 June - Bhutan protests to China over its building of a road in disputed territory.
Etniese suiwering in Bhoetan
"2021-07-13T18:39:56"
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1171693.stm
Bhutan profile - Timeline - Published A chronology of key events: 1907 - Ugyen Wangchuck is chosen as hereditary ruler. 1910 - Treaty signed with British giving them control over Bhutan's foreign relations. 1949 - Treaty signed with newly-independent India guaranteeing non-interference in Bhutan's internal affairs, but allowing Delhi influence over foreign relations. 1952 - Reformist monarch Jigme Dorji Wangchuck succeeds to throne. 1952 - National assembly established. Modernisation 1958 - Slavery abolished. Other social reforms follow in subsequent years. 1959 - Several thousand refugees given asylum after Chinese annex Tibet. 1964, 1965 - Prime minister killed in dispute among competing political factions. Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate monarch. 1968 - First cabinet established. 1971 - Bhutan joins United Nations. 1972 - King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck dies and is succeeded by his son, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, who continues policy of cautious modernisation. 1974 - First foreign tourists allowed in. Ethnic tension 1986 - New law granting citizenship on basis of length of residence in Bhutan. 1988 - Census leads to branding of many ethnic Nepalis as illegal immigrants. New measures adopted to enforce citizenship law. Government also introduces other measures to stress Tibetan-based Bhutanese culture, antagonising minority ethnic Nepali community. 1989 - Nepali ceases to be a language of instruction in schools. 1990 - Violent ethnic unrest and anti-government protests in southern Bhutan pressing for greater democracy and respect for Nepali rights. Bhutan People's Party begins campaign of violence. Thousands of ethnic Nepalis flee to Nepal. Democracy and human rights 1992 - Leader of illegal Bhutan People's Party sentenced to life imprisonment. 1993 - Bhutan and Nepal try to resolve refugee problem. 1996 - Nepal demands all 80,000 or so refugees should be accepted back by Bhutan. 1997 - Amnesty International raises serious concerns over human rights situation in southern Bhutan. 1998 - King cedes some powers to national assembly, giving up role as head of government; cabinet now elected by assembly; famous "Tiger's Lair" Buddhist monastery damaged by fire. 1999 - Limited television and internet services allowed; several dozen political prisoners released. 2000 - First internet cafe opens in Thimphu; Bhutan hit by landslides following severe flooding in region, causing at least 200 deaths. Refugee issue 2001 August - Bhutanese, Nepalese ministers meet to discuss the repatriation of Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal. Some 100,000 ethnic Nepalese say they were forced out of Bhutan in the 1980s and 1990s, alleging ethnic and political repression. 2002 January - Indian state of Assam says two rebel groups still have camps in Bhutan, despite Bhutan's deadline for them to leave the country by the end of 2001. 2003 December - Bhutanese soldiers fight Indian separatist rebels in an attempt to drive them from their bases in the south of the country. 2005 March - Proposed constitution is unveiled. It envisages a parliamentary democracy and will be adopted or rejected in a referendum. Succession 2005 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck says he will abdicate in 2008, when democratic parliamentary elections are held. The crown prince will take over as monarch. 2006 June-August - Bhutanese refugees in Nepal demonstrate over several weeks to press for third-country resettlement. 2006 September - Preparations start in earnest for first ever elections in 2008. Officials begin training for the polls which will appoint a government to take over from the absolute monarchy. 2006 December - King Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicates; Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the crown prince, assumes the throne. The former monarch had been expected to stay in power until 2008. 2007 February - Bhutan signs a landmark agreement with India which revises ties with its neighbour, giving Bhutan more say over its foreign and defence policies. 2007 April - Mock elections are staged to familiarise voters with the concept of parliamentary democracy ahead of planned polls in 2008. 2007 July - Prime Minister Khandu Wangchuck resigns so he can compete in elections planned for February and March 2008. 2008 January and February - A string of bomb blasts hits the country ahead of elections set for March 24. The attacks are blamed on groups fighting for the rights of ethnic Nepalis exiled in 1991. 2008 March - Pro-monarchy Bhutan Harmony Party wins 44 out of the 47 seats in the country's first parliamentary elections. Another pro-monarchy party wins the remaining seats. 2008 November - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is crowned king. India alleges links between Assamese separatists and Bhutan dissident Druk National Congress. 2009 April - Huanglongbing virus wipes out much of orange crop. Oranges are an important export for Bhutan. 2011 October - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck marries 21-year-old student Jetsun Pema. 2013 July - Parliamentary elections: opposition People's Democratic Party wins 32 seats in the lower house, against the incumbent Druk Phuensum Tshogpa party's 15 seats. 2013 August - Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay says Bhutan's much lauded concept of Gross National Happiness is overused and masks the real problems facing the country like increasing debt, chronic unemployment, poverty and corruption. 2015 January - John Kerry becomes the first-ever US secretary of state to hold a cabinet-level meeting with a Bhutanese official when he meets Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay in India. 2016 February - King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck and his wife, Queen Jetsun Pema announce the birth of Crown Prince Jigme Namgyal Wangchuck. 2017 June - Bhutan protests to China over its building of a road in disputed territory.

MegaWika Citation Source Text

Dataset Access

You can access the dataset using the Hugging Face datasets library:

from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("hltcoe/megawika-citation-text-only")

Dataset Information

MegaWika Citation Source Text is a large-scale, multilingual collection of Wikipedia citations and their source text.

Key Features

  • Covers 51 languages
  • Contains full text of Wikipedia citations
  • Mostly text-only version (little HTML or other markup)

Data Format

Each entry in the dataset is a JSON object with the following structure:

{
  "title": "Title of the Wikipedia article the citation came from",
  "last_revision": "The last revision of the Wikipedia page (not the citation)",
  "url": "URL of the citation",
  "source_text": "The citation source text"
}

Language Files

The dataset is split into multiple files, one for each language. For languages with a large amount of data, the files are further split into parts. Here's a sample of the available files:

  • af.jsonl
  • ar.jsonl
  • az.jsonl
  • bn.jsonl
  • cs.jsonl
  • de.jsonl
  • en.split.1.jsonl, en.split.2.jsonl, ..., en.split.8.jsonl
  • es.jsonl
  • fr.split.1.jsonl, fr.split.2.jsonl, fr.split.3.jsonl, fr.split.4.jsonl
  • ...

For a complete list of available files, please refer to the dataset's file structure on Hugging Face.

Usage Examples

Here is an example of how you might use this dataset:

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("hltcoe/megawika-citation-text-only", "en")["train"]
texts = dataset["source_text"]
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