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(a) If fighting forces are engaged in security tasks related to schools and universities, their presence within the grounds or buildings should be avoided if at all possible in order to avoid compromising the establishment’s civilian status and disrupting the learning environment. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Guideline 6: All parties to armed conflict should, as far as possible and as appropriate, incorporate these Guidelines into, for example, their doctrine, military manuals, rules of engagement, operational orders, and other means of dissemination, to encourage appropriate practice throughout the chain of command.
Parties to armed conflict should determine the most appropriate method of doing this. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
“THEIR WAR AGAINST EDUCATION” 122 Annex VI: Examples from African Union Countries of Good Practice in Protecting Schools and Universities Algeria Statement during Committee on the Rights of the Child review, 2018 “I would like to take this opportunity to state that schools are never used for military purposes.
The National People’s Army has its own infrastructure for military purposes. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Schools are only used for education.” − Statement by M. Toufik Ojouama, Chargé d’affaires, Permanent Mission of Algeria to the UN in Geneva, during consideration of Algeria on the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict before the Committee on the Rights of the Child, May 17, 2018.
Central African Republic MINUSCA directive on the protection of schools and universities against military use, 2015 Purpose: 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
These guidelines aim at preventing the use of schools and universities by MlNUSCA Force and Police and to minimize the impact of armed conflict on the security and education of children.
General principles: 2.
Schools have to be havens of peace, where children are protected even in times of armed conflict.
They are, however, often attacked or used for military purposes by parties to the conflict in the Central African Republic, to the detriment of children.
3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
3.
MINUSCA Force and Police are requested not to use schools for any purpose.
All MlNUSCA military and police personnel should avoid encroaching on the security and education of children by using the following guidelines as good practice.
123 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | MAY 2020 4.
Schools and universities that are operational should never be used in any way.
This applies to schools and universities that are closed after school hours, during weekends and holidays and during vacation periods.
5. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
5.
Abandoned schools and university buildings which are occupied or used by MINUSCA Force and Police should be liberated without delay in order to allow educational authorities to reopen them as soon as possible.
All signs of militarisation or fortification of such buildings or structures should be completely removed after the withdrawal and any damage caused to the institution should be repaired quickly before hand-over to the authorities, to allow the return to educational use.
6. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
6.
All ammunitions, unexploded ordinance or war debris should be cleared from the site.
7.
The use of a school or university by a party to a conflict is not permitted, and cannot provide grounds for continuation of such use.
8.
Military and police personnel tasked to secure schools or universities should avoid wherever possible entering into the school premises or buildings in order not to compromise their civilian status.
9. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
9.
The Force Commander and the Police Commissioner are requested to ensure the implementation and wide dissemination of this directive.
− United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) directive on the protection of schools and universities against military use, from Special Representative to the Secretary General Parfait Onanga-Anyanga, MINUSCA/OSRSG/046/2015, December 24, 2015. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Political Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic, 2019 Article 5: For their part, the armed groups undertake… (c) To refrain from engaging in any act of destruction or illegal occupation of public buildings and sites, such as … schools… Annex I, 2: The Parties agree that this immediate, complete and irrevocable cessation of hostilities commits them to scrupulously refrain from: (a) Any violation of international “THEIR WAR AGAINST EDUCATION” 124 humanitarian law, including crimes perpetrated against civilians and against the staff and property of … schools… — Political Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic, S/2019/145, February 2019. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Côte d’Ivoire Child Protection Training Module, 2017 The armed forces of Côte d’Ivoire have integrated modules on the rights and protection of children into trainings provided in military schools, academies, and training centers.
The training now includes a specific module on prohibiting occupation of schools and training institutions.
The training is established in the four military regions of Côte d'Ivoire, and provided by a child protection cell, which is staffed with trained military personnel. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
− Information from Legal Adviser for Military Operations, Ministry of Defense, Côte d’Ivoire.
Democratic Republic of Congo Child Protection Act, 2009 The State ensures the necessary protection, education, and care for children affected by armed conflict, tensions, or civil unrest… − Law on Child Protection, 009/01, January 10, 2009, art.
72. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
72.
Ministerial Directive, 2013 I urge you to educate all members of the [Congolese army] that all those found guilty of one of the following shortcomings will face severe criminal and disciplinary sanctions: ...
Recruitment and use of children… Attacks against schools ... requisition of schools ... for military purposes, destruction of school facilities.
− Minister of Defense Alexandre Luba Ntambo, Ministerial Directive on the Implementation of the Action Plan, Ministry of Defense, No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
VPM/MDNAC/CAP/0909/2013, May 2, 2013. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
125 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | MAY 2020 Mali Education Ministry Decision Establishing Safe Schools Declaration Technical Committee, 2019 Article 1: Under the authority of the Minister of National Education, a technical committee is set up to monitor the operationalization of the Safe Schools Declaration… Article 2: The Ministry of National Education holds the presidency of the technical committee… Article 3: The technical committee monitoring the operationalization of the Safe Schools Declaration is responsible for: − Developing and implementing an action plan − Disseminating the Safe Schools Declaration and the Related Guidelines [on Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict]; − Strengthening stakeholder capacity on the Declaration and its Guidelines; − Following the application of the Declaration and its Guidelines. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Article 4: The technical committee monitoring the operationalization of the Safe Schools Declaration developing its own internal regulations.
It reports to the Secretary General of the Ministry of National Education every three months and produces an annual report of activities. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Article 5: The technical committee consists as follows: − Three representatives of the Ministry of National Education; − Two representatives from the Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs; − Two representatives of the Ministry of Security and Civil Protection; − A representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation; − A representative of the Ministry of Justice…; − A representative of the Ministry in charge of territorial administration; − A representative of the Ministry of Digital Economy and Communication; − A representative of the Ministry of Women’s, Child and Family Promotion; − A representative of the Ministry of Religious Affairs…; − A representative of the Children’s Parliament; − A UNICEF representative; “THEIR WAR AGAINST EDUCATION” 126 − A representative of [The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali]; − A representative of Save the Children International; − A representative of Plan International Mali; − A representative of the NGO Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC); − A representative of the Malian Coalition for Children’s Rights (COMADE). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Note: The Technical Committee may, on an ad hoc basis, be joined by any other person/ competence that it deems useful for its work.
Article 6: The technical committee monitoring the operationalization of the Safe Schools Declaration meets once a month at the invitation of its President.
It meets in a special session whenever needed.
− Ministry of National Education, Decision Setting up the Technical Committee Monitoring the Operationalization of the Safe Schools Declaration, 2019. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Nigeria Children and Armed Conflict Statement, 2015 As a demonstration of our national commitment to the well-being of children, Nigeria was among the first group of States to endorse the Safe Schools Declaration in Oslo, Norway, on 29 May.
The Declaration complements and strengthens our existing national safe schools initiative, established in 2014 as part of the policy response of the federal Government to promote safe zones for learning. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
The Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict will serve as a compass to guide and reinforce efforts towards the achievement of this objective.
We are committed to the dissemination of these guidelines and to promoting their implementation.
We are indeed persuaded that this initiative will promote and protect the right to education and prevent the discontinuities in education inherent in situations of armed conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
− Statement by Ambassador Joy Ogwu, United Nations Security Council, 7466th Meeting, Meeting Record, S/PV.7466, June 18, 2015.
127 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | MAY 2020 Proposed Amendment to Armed Forces Act, 2018 Section 216(3): No premises or building or part thereof occupied for educational purposes or accommodation of persons connected with the management of school or vehicles and other facilities of educational institutions shall be requisitioned. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
− Proposed Amendment to Armed Forces Act, submitted by Ministry of Education-led Education in Emergencies Working Group Nigeria to Minister of Defense, December 5, 2018. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Draft National Policy on Safety and Security in Schools, 2019 8.1 Having signed and adopted the Safe Schools Declaration and the Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use During Armed Conflict, Nigeria is obliged to domesticate and operationalise the norms of both instruments for a more robust and effective protection of the security and safety of schools in conflict areas in Nigeria. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
In view of this, the following guidelines shall be observed in relation to schools in conflict areas or during armed conflict.
Functioning educational institutions 8.2 Schools are protected civilian objects under the law of war.
As a result, functioning educational institutions are not to in any way to be subjected to military use or used for military purposes. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Functioning schools or university include schools on holidays, those temporarily closed outside of normal class hours or those closed during weekends.
These categories of schools are not to, under any circumstances, be used in aid of military operations or efforts.
Thus, they are not to, either through incentive or force, be evacuated so as to make them available for military use. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
8.3 Security arrangement must be put in place by the security forces to ensure the protection of these educational institutions’ physical infrastructure, learners/students, teachers and their transit routes.
Security forces must also watch over and patrol these institutions, the learners/students and teachers and their transit routes without creating military presence within the schools or within weapons effect distance to the schools or institutions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Non-functioning or abandoned educational institutions 8.4 Abandoned educational institutions are still not be used for military purposes. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Where however necessity in terms of self-defence demands or when there is no viable alternative “THEIR WAR AGAINST EDUCATION” 128 to the use of the educational institutions for military purposes, such institutions may be used for military purposes but only for as long as it is necessary to obtain the required military advantage after which security forces and their weapons, munitions and stores, etc.
must be evacuated. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
must be evacuated.
Upon evacuation, all damages to the schools must be remediated and promptly returned to its civilian character and reopened.
Upon reopening, arrangements should be made to protect the school(s), the learners/students, teachers and their transit routes.
Educational institutions occupied by security forces or armed belligerents 8.5 All efforts must be taken to cease the use of educational institutions already under occupation by security forces or armed belligerents immediately. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Parties to armed conflicts must refrain from attacking occupied educational institutions without giving adequate notice and sufficient time to the other party to cease the military use or occupation of the educational institution(s) in question.
And when it has been decided to use force, special care and precautions must be taking to limit collateral damage(s) to the school structures and facilities, to learners/students and to teachers that may be in the schools or environs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
− Federal Ministry of Education, The National Policy on Safety and Security in Schools, draft November 2019.
Somalia Vacation of educational buildings by African Union Forces, 2017 In 2017, in the context of implementing the Declaration, the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) handed a number of educational buildings back to the authorities, rehabilitating them first, and working with partners to ensure the grounds were clear of explosive remnants. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
South Sudan Order from the Office of the Deputy Chief of General Staff for Political Military Operations, 2012 1.
I am hereby once again repeating my message to all of you about occupation of schools by our army.
This act of occupation is deplorable and it is [in] violation of our law of land.
Besides, you are depriving our children from the much needed education.
129 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | MAY 2020 2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
129 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | MAY 2020 2.
I hereby order you to urgently evacuate the following schools occupied by the forces under your direct commands.
[List of eight schools, by name, state, county, date occupied, and division occupying school.]
3.
Failure to evacuate the above mentioned schools will lead to severe disciplinary actions and the act is a serious violation of the law of our land which shall bear regrettable implications on each of you [divisional commanders].
4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
4.
Each division [commander] must report the date of their evacuation of the above mentioned schools within seven days… 5.
Remember all eyes are on your immediate action.
− Order from Lt. Gen. Obuto Mamur Mete, Deputy Chief of General Staff for Moral Orientation, April 16, 2012.
Directive Order on Child Protection and the Release and Reintegration of Children Associated with the SPLA, 2013 NOTE: THIS IS A PUNITIVE ORDER. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Under this General Order, SPLA [“Sudan People's Liberation Army”] members are prohibited from: … (3) occupying schools.
SPLA members violating this Directive ARE SUBJECT TO the full range of disciplinary and administrative measures available under South Sudanese and International Law… 1.
PURPOSE: This “Directive-style” General Order … makes clear that … (2) SPLA units and/or soldiers will NOT, under any circumstances, attack, occupy, or use for any purpose schools or school buildings or property. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
This General Order announces a ZERO TOLERANCE POLICY: SPLA Members are prohibited from: … (2) occupying schools or using school property for ANY purpose under ANY circumstances.
These prohibitions are without exception and unconditional. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Any officer, non-commissioned officer (NCO), or soldier suspected of violating this General Order may be tried by court-martial for violating Section 67 of the SPLA Act of 2009 (reference (b)), Disobedience of Lawful Orders… “THEIR WAR AGAINST EDUCATION” 130 This is a Punitive Order: a.
When … SPLA forces found to be occupying or using school property, the circumstances of the situation shall be thoroughly investigated… b. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Officers, NCOs, and soldiers suspected of being in violation of this General Order themselves shall be investigated. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
The officer conducting the investigation shall make a written report of his or her inquiry that sets forth comprehensive Findings of Fact, lists the evidence supporting each Finding of Fact, renders Opinions and a Conclusion concerning the facts underlying the event or events being investigated, and makes Recommendations with respect to the disposition of the case, including whether the situation investigated warrants the taking of administrative or disciplinary action by the Command against any Officer, NCO, or soldier suspected of conduct violating this General Order. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
c. A written investigative report that has been reviewed by a judge advocate and endorsed by the commanding officer of the unit involved and by the pertinent Division or Brigade Commander or Directorate senior officer shall be forwarded to the Chief of General Staff via the Head of the SPLA’s Child Protection Unit and the Judge Advocate General of the SPLA… 3.
GENERAL ORDER. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
GENERAL ORDER.
All SPLA members, personnel, and units are unconditionally prohibited from: … Occupying schools, interfering with or disrupting school classes or activities, or using school facilities for any purpose, to include but not limited to storing equipment, billeting, or taking cover from ongoing or prospective enemy attack… f. Report Required. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Within 15 days of the termination of the Grace Period – or Not Later Than 15 October 2013 – Commanders at each echelon of Command are to deliver … a properly completed Certification… Commanders failing to submit this report in timely fashion will be subjected to adverse judicial and administrative disciplinary action… Certification… … I, (Major General/Brigadier General/Colonel/(Rank of Commander) ____________, Commanding Officer of _____ (Division/Brigade/Battalion/Company/Platoon), do hereby certify that: … 5. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Units under my command are not occupying schools or utilizing school facilities in any way.
131 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH | MAY 2020 CONCLUSION.
I hereby certify that the foregoing information and statements relating to the state of personnel under my command have been certified and are true… − General Order, from General James Hoth Mai, Chief of General Staff, August 14, 2013. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Order from the Acting Sudan People’s Liberation Army Chief of Staff, 2014 …This message serves to reaffirm the SPLA Commitment as this General order demand that; All SPLA members are prohibited from: …Occupying of using schools in any manner. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
The SPLA members violating the directives ARE SUBJECT TO the full range of disciplinary and administrative measures available under South Sudanese and International Law… − Lt. Gen. Thomas Cirillo Swaka, Acting Sudan People’s Liberation Army Chief of Staff, 557/9/2014, September 10, 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Draft Amendment to Sudan People’s Liberation Army Act, 2014 Section 22(3): Occupation of Schools and Hospitals Occupation of Schools and Hospitals: every SPLA member commits an offence who occupies Schools or Hospitals … which are prohibited commits an indictable offence and liable to: a) Court martial; b) Dismissal from the service; c) Non-judicial punishment; d) Administrative separation from service; e) Administration reduction in grade; f) Relief from command; g) Adverse performance evaluation − Draft amendment to Sudan People’s Liberation Army Act, as per letter of Kuot Jook Alith, Legal Advisor, Ministry of Defense and Veteran Affairs, September 11, 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, 2018 Art.
2.2.3.1: “Civilian areas shall be immediately demilitarized.
This includes schools…” − Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, September 12, 2018.
“THEIR WAR AGAINST EDUCATION” 132 Sudan Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement to protect non-combatant civilians and civilian facilities from military attack, 2002 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
The Government of the Republic of Sudan (GOS) and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) (hereafter referred to as the “Parties”) reconfirm their obligations under international law, including common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, to take constant care to protect the civilian population, civilians and civilian objects against the dangers arising from military operations. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
In this context, the Parties specifically commit themselves: … c) to refrain from endangering the safety of civilians by intentionally using them as “human shields” or by using civilian facilities such as hospitals or schools to shield otherwise lawful military targets; … − Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement to protect non-combatant civilians / civilian facilities from military attack, 2002, art.
1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
1.
Sudan Armed Forces Command Order, 2017 In July 2017, the Sudan Armed Forces circulated a command order to all divisions to prohibit the military use of schools and guidance on schools in areas of active conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
− Information provided by the Office of the Special Representative to the UN Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, April 2019. hrw.org (above) A child views the damage at Sillaléba village primary school in Nasséré commune, Centre-Nord region, Burkina Faso, after an attack in April 2019.
Attackers started fires in three classrooms, burned school materials, damaged five motorcycles, and stole three motorcycles and a computer. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
© 2019 Arouna Sawadogo (front cover) Primary school girls lie on the floor of their classroom during an emergency attack simulation in Dori, Sahel region, Burkina Faso, February 3, 2020.
© 2020 Olympia De Maismont/Getty Images Armed Islamist groups allied with Al Qaeda and the Islamic State began attacking teachers and schools in Burkina Faso in 2017, citing their opposition to “French” education and government institutions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
These attacks increased every year since, causing cascades of school closures across half of the country’s 13 regions.
Before all schools were temporarily closed nation-wide in mid-March 2020 in response to Covid-19, over 2,500 schools had already closed due to attacks or general insecurity, depriving nearly 350,000 students of access to education. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
“Their War Against Education,” based on interviews with 177 people including 74 teachers and school administrators, documents scores of attacks by armed Islamist groups on teachers, students, and schools in six regions of Burkina Faso between 2017 and 2020.
The groups have killed, assaulted, abducted, and threatened education professionals; intimidated students; terrorized parents into keeping children out of school; and damaged, destroyed and looted schools. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
The report also documents schools used by government security forces and armed groups for military purposes, explores the negative consequences of attacks on students and teachers, and analyzes gaps in response efforts. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
Human Rights Watch calls on the Burkinabè government, which endorsed the Safe Schools Declaration in 2017, to investigate all education- related attacks and provide timely support to victims, ensure continued access to education for all children, improve school security in conflict zones, restrict military use of schools, and increase support to schools hosting displaced students.
“Their War Against Education” Armed Group Attacks on Teachers, Students, and Schools in Burkina Faso | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721909239768.pdf | https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/HRW_war_Against_education.pdf | Burkina Faso |
KILLED AND MAIMED: A generation of violations against children in conflict ii STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was written by Keyan Salarkia, Alvhild Stromme, James Denselow and Gunvor Knag Fylkesnes with the support of colleagues across the Save the Children movement who provided expert comment and review.
We are also particularly grateful to Adrianne Lapar, Jo Becker, Laura Boillot and Mahpekay Sidiqi for their contributions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Most importantly, we would like to thank the children who shared their testimonies, their feelings and their hopes with us – some of which are included in the report.
Children’s names have been changed to protect their identity.
Save the Children © 2020 This publication is copyrighted, but may be reproduced by any method without fee or prior permission for teaching purposes, but not for resale. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
For copying in any other circumstances, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable.
Copy-edited by Ravi Wickremasinghe Typeset by GrasshopperDesign.net Front cover: Kristoffer Nilsen Save the Children exists to help every child reach their potential.
In more than 100 countries, we help children stay safe, healthy and keep learning. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
We lead the way on tackling big problems like pneumonia, hunger and protecting children in war, while making sure each child’s unique needs are cared for.
We know we can’t do this alone.
Together with children, partners and supporters, we work to help every child become whoever they want to be.
PROTECTING CHILDREN IN 21ST CENTURY CONFLICT STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN Eglantyne Jebb said ‘The only international language in the world is a child’s cry.’ We have heard that cry and it will not go unanswered. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The war on children must stop.
stopwaronchildren.org Gender matters 2020: THE WAR ON CHILDREN ASLDASØØDL Time to end grave violations against children in conflict.
Stop the war on children – protecting children in 21st century conflict, 2019 Stop the war on children – gender matters, 2020 Previous reports on the war on children The war on children – time to end grave violations against children in conflict, 2018 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 1 Foreword .
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2 Executive summary .
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3 1 Children in conflict today .
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6 The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on children in conflict .
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. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
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8 Grave violations against children .
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10 2 How many children are affected by conflict?
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. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
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20 The most dangerous countries for children .
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22 3 Protecting children in conflict .
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. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
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24 Stop the war on children .
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24 The impact of explosive weapons .
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. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
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25 4 Conclusions .
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30 5 Recommendations .
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. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
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30 5 Recommendations .
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31 Appendices .
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. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
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33 Appendix 1: Definitions used in this report .
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33 Appendix 2: Methodology .
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34 Endnotes .
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35 CONTENTS 2 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED I n the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 has marked another defining moment for children living in conflict.
UN data revealed that in the past decade more than 93,000 children have been killed or maimed in conflict.
While the causes of these deaths and injuries are manifold,1 one dominant trend has been the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
In 2021 states will come together to agree a new political declaration, led by Ireland, to recognise the humanitarian harm of these weapons and how increasingly they define modern conflict.
Much hinges on these kinds of initiatives.
Their relative success or failure helps determine whether or not in the decade to come another 100,000 children will be killed and maimed.
It is our hope that all governments will fully engage with the new declaration. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
And that they will champion its aspiration to turn international humanitarian law into a lived reality for millions of children around the world.
Killing and maiming are visible and obvious consequences of conflict.
But they are not the only ones.
In 2020 the UN reported the highest-ever number of verified grave violations against children, with more than 26,000 incidents recorded the previous year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
And in the 15 years since the UN started recording in 2005, more than 250,000 violations against children have been verified.
Let’s not lose sight of the fact that each violation represents a child killed, maimed, recruited, abducted or sexually abused, or large groups of children denied aid or whose schools and hospitals have come under attack.
Yet in 2020 the Children and Armed Conflict agenda at the UN fell far short of delivering greater scrutiny of those responsible for these violations. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Despite evidence and verification of violations against children, parties to conflict in Myanmar and Yemen found political pressure on them ease rather than increase, as they were removed from the UN Secretary-General’s annual report.2 And despite the UN Secretary-General’s call for a COVID-19 inspired global ceasefire, in many places fighting escalated.3 Never in history has there been such awareness of children’s rights, nor more knowledge of how to prevent harm and support children to recover from conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
However, this awareness has yet to translate into sustained, collective action.
Never in history have there been so many verified violations perpetrated against children.
The coronavirus pandemic is the biggest global upheaval of our generation.
But children’s rights, in conflict and in peace, are non-derogable – they are not contingent on COVID-19 and its impacts.
They cannot be cancelled or paused.
At the same time, the pandemic is having an impact on every child. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Those most affected are the children who are most marginalised.
And as we have seen in 2020, for children displaced by or living in conflict, who are among the most vulnerable children in the world, the impact of COVID-19 on economies, humanitarian access, education, protection, and health and nutrition can be dramatic.
Their rights are a cornerstone of our collective humanity and litmus test as to the state of our civilisation.
Together we must do everything we can to stop this war on children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Inger Ashing Chief Executive Officer, Save the Children International FOREWORD STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 3 T oday millions of children are on the frontlines of conflict.
Despite progress in some areas, the trends over recent years are of increasing violations, increasing numbers of children affected by conflict and increasingly protracted crises. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
While 2020 has been dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic, that should not be allowed to mask the red flags signalling the devastation conflict is having on children’s lives.
This report sets out the full extent of the war on children: • Since 2005, more than 250,000 violations against children have been verified in the UN’s annual reports on the situation of children in armed conflict.
Of these, 106,000 (42%) related to the killing and maiming of children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Since 2010, the equivalent of 25 children a day have been killed or maimed in conflict.
• The number of children living in high-intensity conflicts in 2019 rose by 2% from 2018 to stand at 160 million.
A total of 426 million children were found to be living in conflict zones overall in 2019 – the second highest total ever recorded.
• The number of children living in close proximity to the most intense conflict zones rose significantly – up from 4 million to 9 million in 2018–19. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Explosive weapons4 accounted for 3,842 (37%) of the 10,294 incidents of killing and maiming of children in 2019 – with the proportion much higher in Afghanistan, Syria and Yemen.
The world must act to stop the war on children.
And there’s no excuse not to.
In 2021 there will be critical opportunities for states and parties to conflict to take concrete actions to better protect and support children in conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Governments will be able to lend their support to a declaration avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas.
Donors can ensure that child protection work in conflict is funded in line with other life-saving interventions.
Security Council members can use their power to hold perpetrators of grave violations to account. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Save the Children calls on states to: • uphold standards and norms in the conduct of conflict – including protecting education from attack, avoiding the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and enabling unimpeded humanitarian access • hold perpetrators of violations against children to account – including through resourcing international investigative mechanisms, supporting the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism for grave violations against children, and consistently applying political, legal and financial sanctions on perpetrators • take practical action to protect children and support their recovery – including adequate funding for child protection work, ensuring children have access to quality mental health and psychosocial support and education, and embedding child rights expertise within peacekeeping and political missions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
A full set of recommendations can be found on page 31.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED OLEKSANDER, UKRAINE Oleksander, age eight, lives in a small village close to the frontline of the conflict in Eastern Ukraine.
Five years ago, while he and his family were sleeping, their home was hit by artillery shells.
The roof was blown off and Oleksander’s older brother was badly hurt when shell fragments were embedded in his hand.
Oleksander was two when it happened. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Oleksander was two when it happened.
The shelling has had a lasting impact.
His father says Oleksander still wakes up at night screaming sometimes during shelling.
Coronavirus has made life even harder.
With schools shut, Oleksander has to wait for his mother, who works as a nurse, to return home around 9pm before he can do his homework. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
PHOTO: OKSANA PARAFENIUK/SAVE THE CHILDREN STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 5 SHOGOFA, AFGHANISTAN Shogofa, age nine, was critically wounded when her home in Fayrab province in Afghanistan was hit by a rocket.
She suffered severe head injuries and lost several fingers in the blast.
Three of her brothers were killed by shrapnel.
Now Shogofa lives in a tent in a camp in Mazar province with her mother, father, sisters and remaining brothers. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Her mother suffers from mental illness from the trauma of what she witnessed.
Before the attack, Shogofa used to go to school and she enjoyed playing outside with her friends.
Her family had “everything”, she says.
Now they are very poor.
She says they don’t even have a plastic bag to burn in their clay oven to cook food.
If the fighting in her home town stops, Shogofa hopes her family will move back and her sisters and brothers can play on the street again. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
If there is peace, she wants to go back to school to study to become a doctor so she can treat sick people.
PHOTO: JIM HUYLEBROEK/SAVE THE CHILDREN 6 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED O ver the past decade we have witnessed the outbreak of conflict in Syria and Yemen, two waves of horrifying violence in Myanmar, and protracted conflicts in Afghanistan, Nigeria, Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Iraq. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The conflict in Ukraine has escalated, and the situation for children in the occupied Palestinian territory has continued to deteriorate.
Despite a peace accord in 2016, violence in Colombia persists.
As we write, children are at the forefront of escalating conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh and the Sahel.
As this litany of conflict suggests, the overall trajectory of violations against children is cause for great alarm.
The world must take notice – and act. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The world must take notice – and act.
In truth, there have been some positive developments. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
More than 100 states have endorsed the Safe Schools Declaration5 and 110 the Paris Commitments,6 at least 170 countries have ratified the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict7 and nearly 100 states have adopted the Vancouver Principles focused on child protection in peacekeeping operations.8 Clearly, where there is political will, states can come together to set – and deliver – an agenda for protecting children in conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
There is evidence too that parties to conflict can change their practice and behaviour and better protect children.
Successful UN action plans have been signed and delivered in some conflicts – reducing and eliminating the recruitment and use of children.
Handover protocols to limit the military detention of children associated with armed groups have been signed in several places.
There is opportunity for change.
Mahmoud, Syria Mahmoud, age 10, is originally from a village in north-east Syria. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
His mother says they fled their village ten years ago due to shelling.
They have lived in several makeshift shelters ever since.
When Mahmoud was nine, he was injured in an airstrike and he lost both his legs, one just above the knee and the other just below.
Six months later, his father was killed when the hospital where he was being treated for wounds was shelled. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
PHOTO: SAVE THE CHILDREN 1 CHILDREN IN CONFLICT TODAY STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 7 THREE LESSONS IN TACKLING VIOLATIONS AGAINST CHILDREN IN CONFLICT Millions of children in conflict zones around the world are at risk, and tens of thousands of war‑time violations affect children every year.
Yet the last 20 years have provided some lessons for where to invest resources and energy to protect children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
One lesson is that specific commitments by warring parties – whether binding or voluntary – can have significant impact.
For example, the treaties banning landmines and cluster munitions have propelled dramatic changes in the use of these weapons, which disproportionately kill and maim children.
No state party to the cluster munitions treaty has used the weapon since the treaty’s adoption in 2008, and casualties due to cluster munitions in 2018 were just a third of the 2016 number. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Similarly, the mine ban treaty has achieved nearly universal compliance among states, saving since its adoption in 1997 tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of lives.
The 2015 Safe Schools Declaration, though non‑binding, has also prompted positive change.
Since its adoption, the UN has recorded each year a decrease in the number of incidents of military use of schools globally. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Similarly, action plans negotiated by the UN with parties to armed conflict – a centrepiece of the UN’s children and armed conflict agenda – have prompted state and non-state actors alike to cease violations against children.
Of the 32 action plans signed to date, 12 have been fully implemented.
One recent example is the Nigerian government’s Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF), which signed an action plan to end its recruitment and use of children in 2017. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Since then, no new cases of child recruitment or use by the group have been verified, and the CJTF has separated more than 2,200 children from its ranks.
Cynics sometimes dismiss such agreements as little more than “words on paper”, but these examples underline the importance of concrete commitments to protect children – whether through international treaties, political declarations or bilateral agreements negotiated through the UN. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Given the devastating toll explosive weapons with wide-area effects have on children in populated areas, efforts to achieve a declaration to prohibit the use of such weapons could be a crucial investment to save the lives of many children.
A second lesson is that individual governments can exert strategic influence over warring parties, particularly in relation to their security relationships. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The United States Congress, for example, adopted a ground-breaking law in 2008 to prohibit military assistance to governments implicated in the recruitment or use of child soldiers.
Although neither President Obama nor President Trump fully utilised the law, the actual or threatened withdrawal of US military training and other assistance helped reduce child recruitment and use by Congolese and Chadian national forces, as well as Rwanda’s support for the abusive armed group M23. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |