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Physically, emotionally and socially, the use of explosive weapons in populated areas affects children differently from adults.
The blast waves of such weapons have a greater intensity on children’s organs A damaged residential building in Donetsk region, Ukraine.
PHOTO: OKSANA PARAFENIUK/SAVE THE CHILDREN 26 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED and bones, and their stature often means they are likely to suffer injuries to more critical parts of their bodies – especially their heads. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Head and burn injuries are a significant cause of death in young children.44 Children are also more likely to experience injury to a greater proportion of their body than adults – for instance, in the case of burns.
Given the design of these types of weapons – often to cause the greatest possible damage to military targets, objects and personnel – it should come as no surprise that they cause devastation when used against children.45 The psychological impact of explosive weapons is equally severe. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
With an increased likelihood of head injuries overall, children under ten are more likely to experience traumatic brain injuries than their older peers. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
In these cases, without adequate support, there can be long-term and serious implications as a result of nerve damage, hearing loss and concussion.46 Beyond the direct impact on children’s brains, whatever their age children may experience a range of emotions as a result of their exposure to explosive weapons, ranging from fear and anxiety to grief, shame, disbelief, anger and self-blame.47 These can either be a result of the experience of the explosion itself or the related separation from friends and family and the physical harm and changes caused by explosive weapons. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Common reactions to stress will vary by age, but include separation anxiety, difficulties with sleep and eating, loss of concentration and confusion, intrusive thoughts, difficulty forming social connections, and becoming irritable and aggressive.48 The use of explosive weapons in populated areas disproportionately affects civilians.49 When this includes children, the consequences on them individually can be long-lasting, complex and severe. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
In children under seven, limb injuries account for 20% of the known total of injuries from landmines and unexploded ordnance; for infants, it is just 11%.
In adults, the majority of these injuries are to limbs.
80% of paediatric blast patients experienced penetrating injuries to the head.
By comparison, 31% of adult blast patients experienced the same injury.
65–70% of child blast patients had injuries to multiple body parts, particularly the torso and limbs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Children under two have thinner skin than older children and adults.
They are therefore more likely to suffer full-thickness burns, with resultant rapid loss of heat, fluid and protein.
Primary blast injury results from blast-overpressure damaging tissues through compression and expansion.
Secondary blast injuries are due to the creation of fragments – such as casing, shrapnel, soil and rubble. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Tertiary blast injury relates to bodily displacement – where the force of a blast can hurl children into the air or into other objects.
Quaternary injuries include burns, inhalation injuries and exposure to toxic material. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
SOURCE: BLAST INJURIES: THE IMPACT OF EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS ON CHILDREN IN CONFLICT, SAVE THE CHILDREN, 2019 THE DEVASTATING – AND DISPROPORTIONATE – IMPACT OF EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS ON CHILDREN STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 27 Prisca, Democratic Republic of Congo Prisca, age six, at her home in Ituri Province, Democratic Republic of Congo PHOTO: HUGH KINSELLA CUNNINGHAM/ SAVE THE CHILDREN 28 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED THE FORTHCOMING POLITICAL DECLARATION ON TACKLING EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS IN POPULATED AREAS Save the Children is a proud and active member of the International Network on Explosive Weapons, a coalition of 25 non-governmental organisations from all corners of the world that have been engaged in the push for action to prevent human suffering from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The impact of blast injuries is at the hard end of the spectrum of consequences conflict has on children, but is emblematic of the global erosion of norms, standards and accountability within which harm to children has become normalised.
The good news is that there is an opportunity to act.
There is an opportunity right now for states to show leadership and commitment to addressing this challenge. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
They can take part in the ongoing negotiations, led by Ireland, to develop an international political declaration that will require states to address the harms caused by the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, committing states not to use heavy explosive weapons in towns and cities.
When used in cities, towns and other populated areas, it is civilians who suffer the most severe consequences, accounting for 90% of deaths and injuries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Explosive weapons, including aircraft bombs, rockets and artillery, were designed for use in open battlefields, and are completely inappropriate for use in towns and cities and among the civilian population.
Not only do explosive weapons kill and injure people, but such attacks, especially if repeated or prolonged, severely affect people through damage to infrastructure and psychological distress, leading to social and economic exclusion. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Destruction of infrastructure vital to the civilian population – such as water and sanitation, States that have acknowledged harm States that have committed to action STATES THAT HAVE ACKNOWLEDGED HARM AND COMMITTED TO ACTION STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 29 housing, schools and hospitals – deprives civilians of access to basic needs and results in wide and long-term suffering.
The UN Secretary-General has called on states to develop an international political declaration. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
This would commit states to a stronger international standard of behaviour, serving as a tool to drive forward progressive policies and practice at a national level and building a community of positive practice.
A political declaration would commit states to avoid the use of explosive weapons with wide-area effects in populated areas, as recommended by both the UN and the International Committee of the Red Cross. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The declaration is expected to be finalised in 2021, and all states will then be invited to endorse it.
The declaration will mark a significant milestone in the development of international humanitarian policy, and in the quest to better protect civilians from armed conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Laura Boillot, International Network on Explosive Weapons “YOU HAVE THE POWER TO HELP STOP THIS” Statement by Mahpekay Sidiqi of the Kabul Orthopedic Organization on behalf of the International Network on Explosive Weapons to the UN General Assembly’s First Committee on International Security and Disarmament, New York, 13 October 2020 “I am speaking from Kabul to share my own experience of how the bombing and shelling of cities and towns like mine, impacts people like me. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
It has devastating impacts on our bodies, to our minds, it destroys our family homes, and it forces us to flee for fear of our lives and that of our loved ones.
“The terrifying sounds of explosions, of buildings collapsing, of people screaming and the trembling earth are vivid memories from being as young as six years old.
It was terrifying.
The bombing of my village forced my family to leave.
Bombing and shelling was happening everywhere: from the air and on the ground. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
“Even though the city is several kilometres away from our village, we walked to Kabul.
It was me, my two sisters and my two brothers.
It took us a full day to get to a safe place in Kabul.
While we were walking to the city, airplanes above our heads dropped bombs.
Our hair and our eyes were full of dust and with every explosion we thought we might lose each other.
Luckily, on this day that did not happen and we all reached the city safe and sound. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
“My family never returned to our village again because our home was destroyed.
In Kabul however, I lost both of my legs in an explosion near the airport.
After that, going to school became difficult as it was not accessible.
I felt excluded because I was not able to walk like the others and I was depressed.
At that time life didn’t feel like it had any meaning.
“Sadly, I am not the only one impacted by explosive weapons in Afghanistan. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
There are thousands of people like me, including many children who lost their limbs or their life from the use of these weapons in my city, where we lived.
“Today, I work as an orthopaedic technologist and I provide physical rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities.
Every month, every day, I help to treat and heal patients in our centre and let me tell you – explosive weapons are still amongst the key causes of impairments. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Just last month, I treated three patients that had lost legs, family members and their homes due to accidents from explosive remnants of war.
“One of them is a young woman who lost her leg and six family members.
Her mental health and well-being has been heavily shaken.
Bombing and shelling damages and destroys civilians lives and livelihoods.
But explosive weapons do not only affect individuals. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
They can ruin towns and cities, impact entire communities, destroy our homes, schools, hospitals, roads and bridges.
“You have the power to help stop this.
States in this room can stop harming civilians by agreeing not to use heavy explosive weapons in towns and cities. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
I urge all of you to finalise the political declaration on explosive weapons as soon as it becomes possible, and approach this with the aim of developing stronger humanitarian standards that will protect people from harm.” 30 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED T he reality for children living in conflict cannot be reduced to one violation, one experience or one risk. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Action to tackle the use of explosive weapons must not come at the cost of complacency regarding the recruitment and use of children in armed forces, nor the use of rape and sexual violence against girls and boys.
Violations against children are interrelated, gendered, mutually reinforcing and cumulative.
As such, the response of governments, donors, armed actors, and all those with influence locally, nationally, regionally and globally must be holistic. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
This response must include commitment and resources to increase the scale and impact of operations and programming in conflict – for instance, of child protection programming, mental health and psychosocial support, education in emergencies, and vital health and nutrition work.
Especially now, amid the COVID-19 crisis, donors must resist the urge to retreat from endeavours to provide critical resources to protect and support children in conflict zones. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
It must include political and practical action to strengthen accountability for violations against children – ranging from referrals to and support for accountability mechanisms, to greater collaboration between local, national and international actors.
The response must also include a re-assertion in the upholding of norms, standards and laws which protect children from harm. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
4 CONCLUSIONS “Save the Children is often told that its aims are impossible – that there has always been child suffering and there always will be.
We know it’s impossible only if we make it so. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
We know it’s impossible only if we make it so.
It’s impossible only if we refuse to attempt it.” Eglantyne Jebb, co-founder of Save the Children STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 31 W e call upon all leaders, governments, armed non-state actors, humanitarian NGOs and relevant bodies to re-commit to protecting children in conflict and to set out their own practical agendas for action. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The following recommendations are aimed specifically at governments, since it is governments that have the primary responsibility for upholding children’s rights and the greatest potential influence on the protection of children in conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
In developing their agendas for action, we therefore call on governments to: Uphold standards of conduct in conflict • Commit to sign and implement in full the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and to endorse the Paris Principles and the Paris Commitments, which include the principle of ‘straight 18’ for recruitment into armed forces. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Commit to endorse and fully implement the Safe Schools Declaration and to encourage other states to follow suit. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Strengthen doctrine, training and other measures to ensure armed forces and allies: – understand and take into account the reverberating effects from military actions in collateral-damage assessments and take measures to reduce them – record casualties according to internationally agreed standards – commit to a political declaration on avoidance of the use of explosive weapons in populated areas. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Facilitate dialogue between states, the UN, NGOs and non-state armed groups to protect children; support efforts to engage non-state armed groups to develop policies, codes of conduct and action plans to protect children; and ensure that humanitarian and human rights work is not impeded by restrictions on organisations’ interaction with armed groups. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Immediately suspend arms sales and transfers to parties to conflict where there is an overriding risk that such weapons will be used to commit or facilitate violations of international humanitarian law or international human rights law or other serious crimes against civilians, including children.
States should also sign and ratify the Arms Trade Treaty and improve transparency of national arms control regulatory frameworks. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Hold perpetrators of violations to account • Support international mechanisms to prosecute cases of violations of children’s rights in conflict, including through resourcing dedicated gender- sensitive, child-specific expertise in international investigations and through support for the International Criminal Court and ad hoc judicial mechanisms. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Support financially and diplomatically the UN’s systematic monitoring and reporting of violations of children’s rights in conflict, including the tracking of age- and sex-disaggregated data on casualties and other violations, and the complete, accurate and impartial naming of perpetrators. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Develop and use national systems – such as sequestering property, freezing bank accounts and imposing travel bans – to take action against individual perpetrators of violations of children’s rights in conflict and resource national crime agencies to investigate grave violations of children’s rights in third countries and to prosecute through national courts. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
5 RECOMMENDATIONS 32 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED • Support children to raise complaints of violations of their rights in conflict directly – in Africa through the complaints procedure of the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child – and globally by committing to sign and ratify the third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), which enables children to hold parties to the UNCRC to account for failing to uphold their rights. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• For members of the Security Council: refrain from impeding UN action against perpetrators of grave violations of children’s rights in conflict.
Take practical action to protect children and support their recovery • Fully fund appeals for child protection across the Humanitarian Response Plans and Refugee Response Plans.
As a start, ensure that child protection is funded at the same level as the overall appeal. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Reaffirm and promote the Centrality of Protection in Humanitarian Action – and step up overall humanitarian funding across sectors, including to particularly underfunded countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Ensure mental health and psychosocial support for children and their families is well resourced and provided across health, nutrition, child protection and education sectors across the continuum of care, and fully integrated as an essential component of all phases of humanitarian response, including post-conflict recovery and longer-term peace-building efforts. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Increase investment in other crucial protective humanitarian programmes for children, including education, programmes to tackle sexual and gender-based violence, and mine risk reduction.
• Mobilise new child-focused recovery funding as a core element of post-conflict reconstruction, building human capital by investing in children’s education, healthcare, protection, mental health and psychosocial support. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Ensure that all children forced by conflict to leave their homes have access to good-quality, inclusive and protective education within a few months of displacement, and support the development of national costed plans that set out the financing needs for all displaced children to be educated and the measures for ensuring their access to good‑quality education. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Designate dedicated, senior child protection and child rights expertise in multilateral peacekeeping and political missions, by securing specific provisions in UN Security Council mandates including explicit resourcing for senior-level child protection advisers.
• Review approaches to counter-terrorism and preventing violent extremism to ensure that children are treated first and foremost as children, irrespective of their alleged association with armed groups. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
• Systematically support the inclusion of children in peace-making and peace-building efforts.
STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 33 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: DEFINITIONS USED IN THIS REPORT This report uses the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) definitions of conflict.
The UCDP is the world’s foremost provider of data on organised violence, and its Georeferenced Event Dataset and other datasets inform this research. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Conflict/armed conflict: when armed force is used by an organised actor against another organised actor or against civilians, resulting in at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year (low-intensity conflict).
Medium intensity is defined as 25–999 battle deaths, and high intensity defined as 1,000 or more battle-related deaths in a country-year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The definition includes three types of conflict: • State-based conflict takes place between two states (inter-state conflict), or between one state and one or more rebel groups (civil conflict).
• Non-state conflict is fought between two organised, armed actors, of which neither is the government of a state.
• One-sided violence is perpetrated by an organised armed group, either a state’s military forces or an armed group, against civilians. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Conflict incidents/events: a conflict event is defined as a lethal incident, either a violent clash between two armed groups or an attack on civilians by a group or groups, at a given time and place.
Conflicts usually consist of multiple conflict events.
Conflict zone/area (or an area affected by conflict): an area within the borders of a country and within 50km from where one or more conflict incidents takes place in a given year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Battle-related deaths: the use of armed force between warring parties in a conflict, resulting in deaths.
We use the term to include both combatant and civilian deaths, unless otherwise specified.
Children living in conflict-affected areas/ conflict-affected children: children who reside within conflict zones.
Children: we use the definition from the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, which defines children as individuals under the age of 18 years. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Gender: the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for a person, often based on their sex. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
The six grave violations against children: the UN Security Council has identified six grave violations against children in situations of armed conflict: • killing and maiming of children • recruitment or use of children in armed forces and groups • rape and other forms of sexual violence against children • abduction of children • attacks against schools and hospitals • denial of humanitarian access to children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
These grave violations were defined on the basis of their egregious nature and their severe impact on children’s well-being.
In addition to the six violations, the Secretary-General’s annual report has verified incidents of detention of children since 2012. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
34 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED APPENDIX 2: METHODOLOGY The report draws on analysis commissioned by Save the Children and conducted by the Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO) mapping the numbers of children living in areas affected by armed conflict around the world.
Areas defined by PRIO as ‘conflict zones’ or ‘conflict-affected areas’ are those within 50km of where one or more conflict events took place in a given year, within the borders of a country. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
This analysis uses data collated by the Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP), the world’s foremost provider of metrics on organised violence.
This dataset provides the geographical location, timing and intensity of recorded conflict events globally, covering the years 1990–2019. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
PRIO cross‑referenced this data with recently updated population data from the Gridded Population of the World and from the UN in order to estimate the numbers of children living in proximity to incidents of armed violence worldwide.
The UCDP defines armed conflict as a situation when armed force is used by an organised actor against another organised actor, or against civilians, resulting in at least 25 battle-related deaths in one calendar year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
This could be conflict involving states and/ or non-state actors or it could be one-sided violence perpetrated by an organised armed group against civilians.
The dataset defines a conflict event as a lethal incident in the context of an armed conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 35 ENDNOTES 1 For more information on the ways children are at risk of harm in conflict, see Save the Children’s Stop the War on Children report series, available at www.stopwaronchildren.org 2 Save the Children (2020) ‘The UN Secretary General must explain why he lets powerful parties get away with killing children and attacking schools and hospitals’ (webpage), www.savethechildren.org/us/ about-us/media-and-news/2020-press-releases/ un-secretary-general-must-explain-violence-against- children-statement 3 For more information on the ceasefire see: Rustad et al (2020) The Strategic Use of Ceasefires in the Coronavirus Crisis, PRIO. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
4 Explosive weapons are those which “affect an area around the point of detonation, usually through the effects of blast and fragmentation.” A range of such weapons are routinely used against children, including missiles, grenades, mortars, landmines and improvised explosive devices.
Also included in the definition are unexploded ordnance (UXO) or explosive remnants of war. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
These are explosive weapons that remain unexploded either through malfunction or design, and continue to affect children even after conflict has ended.
For more information see: Save the Children (2019) Blast Injuries: The impact of explosive weapons on children in conflict.
5 The Safe Schools Declaration is an inter- governmental political commitment to protect students, teachers, schools and universities from the worst effects of armed conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
For more information see: GCPEA (2020) The Safe Schools Declaration (webpage), https://ssd.protectingeducation.org 6 The Paris Principles lay out guidelines on protecting children from recruitment into armed groups and assisting those already recruited and used.
For more information see: The Paris Commitments, Consolidated Version.
Available at: https://childrenandarmedconflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Available at: https://childrenandarmedconflict.
un.org/publications/ParisCommitments_EN.pdf 7 The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict – adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2000 is a multilateral treaty that commits to preventing the recruitment of children into armed groups. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
For more information see Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict (2019) Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (webpage) https://childrenandarmedconflict.
un.org/tools-for-action/opac/ 8 The Vancouver Principles are a set of political commitments focused on child protection in peacekeeping, including all stages of a conflict cycle. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
They comprise 17 principles that focus on preventing the recruitment and use of child soldiers by armed forces and armed groups.
For more information see Government of Canada (2020) The Vancouver Principles (webpage) https://www.international.gc.ca/world- monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/ human_rights-droits_homme/principles-vancouver- principes.aspx?lang=eng 9 Save the Children (2020) Protect a Generation: the impact of COVID-19 on children’s lives. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
10 UN News (2020) ‘COVID-19 fast becoming protection crisis, Guterres warns Security Council’.
2 July 2020, https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/ 1067632 11 Child Rights Now (2020) Ending Violence against Children and COVID-19.
Policy Brief.
12 Save the Children (2020) The Hidden Impact of COVID‑19: on child protection and wellbeing.
Global Research Series.
13 E Wagner and H Warren (2020) Save Our Education: Protect every child’s right to learn in the COVID-19 response and recovery, Save the Children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Available at: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/library/ save-our-education-protect-every-childs-right-learn- covid-19-response-and-recovery 36 STOP THE WAR ON CHILDREN: KILLED AND MAIMED 14 Save the Children (2020) The Impact of COVID-19 on Child Malnutrition: Poverty and acute malnutrition among the most serious side effects for children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Available at: https://www.savethechildren.it/sites/default/files/ files/The%20impact%20of%20COVID-19%20on%20 child%20malnutrition.pdf 15 Protection Clusters bring together protection partners who have the necessary expertise, resources, access and capacity.
They are integral to the cluster approach adopted by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee for non-refugee humanitarian crises – UNHCR Emergency Handbook: Protection Cluster (webpage), available at: https://emergency. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
unhcr.org/entry/82064/protection-cluster 16 Global Protection Cluster (2020) COVID-19 Protection Risks and Responses Situation Report No.7.
Available at: https://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/2020/08/24/ covid-19-protection-risks-responses-situation-report- no-7-as-of-24-august-2020/ 17 See endnote 16 18 See endnote 16 19 United Nations (2020), Secretary-General Calls for Global Ceasefire, Citing War-Ravaged Health Systems, Populations most Vulnerable to Novel Coronavirus.
SG/SM/20018. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
SG/SM/20018.
20 See endnote 3 21 These diagrams are taken from the launch materials of Still Unprotected in October 2020. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
For more information the full report can be found at: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/ node/18352/pdf/stc_still_unprotected_repport_ high.pdf 22 The six grave violations against children defined by the UN are: the killing and maiming of children; recruitment or use of children as soldiers; sexual violence against children; abduction of children; attacks against schools or hospitals; and the denial of humanitarian access for children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
23 All of the findings and analysis in this section of the report draw on the Secretary-General’s annual report from this year and previous years.
Save the Children conducted an extensive review of the findings of these reports to inform our analysis.
The full source for this year’s report is: United Nations, General Assembly, Annual Report of the Secretary General on Children and Armed Conflict (CAAC).
S/2020/525 (9 June 2020). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
S/2020/525 (9 June 2020).
24 Save the Children (2019) Blast Injuries: The impact of explosive weapons on children in conflict.
25 Action on Armed Violence (2020) ‘Explosive Weapon Harm’ (webpage), https://aoav.org.uk 26 For more information see Save the Children (2020) Stop the War on Children: Gender Matters! | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
27 This number differs from the total cited in the introduction of the Secretary-General’s report, however having counted each violation mentioned throughout the report, Save the Children found 1,804 to be the total.
28 It was noted in this year’s Secretary-General’s report that abduction could be underreported and combined with other violations.
29 In the last 20 years, an estimated 10,000 Palestinian children have been held in the Israeli military detention system. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
They are the only children in the world who are systematically prosecuted in military courts, which lack fair trial rights and fail to meet juvenile justice standards.
For more information see: Save the Children (2020), Defenceless: the impact of Israeli military detention on Palestinian children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
Available at: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/ library/defenceless-impact-israeli-military-detention- palestinian-children 30 Save the Children (2020) Defenceless: the impact of Israeli military detention on Palestinian children.
Available at: https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/ library/defenceless-impact-israeli-military-detention- palestinian-children 31 High-intensity conflicts are those in which 1,000 battle-related deaths were recorded in a calendar year. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
32 Ostby et al (2020) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990-2019, PRIO.
33 See endnote 32 34 The highest number recorded was 433 million in 2017.
35 See endnote 32 36 Save the Children (2019) Stop the War on Children: Protecting children in 21st century conflict.
37 The countries with more than 1,000 battle-related deaths in 2019 – Afghanistan, Brazil, Burkina Faso, DRC, Libya, Mali, Mexico, Nigeria, Somalia, Syria, Yemen – have had an average of 18.8 consecutive years in conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
38 This figure relates to continuous years of conflict.
39 These children are living in close proximity (50km) to conflict events involving 1,000 battle-related deaths as opposed to living in close proximity (50km) to conflict events within a country which has, nationally, involved 1,000 battle-related deaths.
40 For a methodology relating to both the population estimates and remaining indicators, please see Appendix 2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
41 This list is presented in alphabetical order in recognition that the quality of data available for each country is too variable to substantiate a definitive ranking.
42 Excerpt from children’s foreword in Save the Children (2019) Stop the War on Children: Protecting Children in 21st century conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
43 See endnote 24 44 See endnote 24 45 See endnote 24 46 See endnote 24 47 See endnote 24 48 See endnote 24 49 See endnote 24 50 INEW (2020), Ms Mahpekay Sidiqi delivers statement on behalf of the International Network on Explosive Weapons to UNGA’s First Committee (webpage), http://www.inew.org/ms-mahpekay-sidiqi-delivers- statement-on-behalf-of-the-international-network-on- explosive-weapons-inew-to-ungas-first-committee/ Today millions of children are on the frontlines of conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
While 2020 has been dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic, that should not be allowed to mask the devastation conflict is having on the lives of a growing number of children.
Killed and Maimed takes a close look at how many children are affected by conflict today.
It looks at what the world needs to do to protect children in conflict, particularly from the horrifying impact of explosive weapons.
And we set out a series of concrete recommendations for governments to protect children in conflict. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721908202817.pdf | https://savethechildren.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Killed-and-Maimed-a-generation-of-violations.pdf | Congo, The Democratic Republic of the |
1 Down to Zero Fighting commercial sexual exploitation of children DOWN TO ZERO ALLIANCE Annual Report 2017 Picture: Ronald de Hommel 2 Table of Content Abbreviations Summary Chapter 1: Global trends and developments regarding CSEC 1.1 Global trends and developments regarding CSEC 1.2 Global political trends and context of the DtZ programme Chapter 2: Progress DtZ at outcome level 2.1 Methodology 2.2 Latin America (Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru and Bolivia) 2.2.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.2.2 Progress per actor 2.2.3 Conclusions 2.3 Brazil 2.3.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.3.2 Progress per actor 2.3.3 Conclusions 2.4 Dominican Republic 2.4.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.4.2 Progress per actor 2.4.3 Conclusions 2.5 India & Bangladesh 2.5.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.5.2 Progress per actor 2.5.3 Conclusions 2.6 Indonesia 2.6.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.6.2 Progress per actor 2.6.3 Conclusions 2.7 Philippines 2.7.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.7.2 Progress per actor 2.7.3 Conclusions 2.8 Thailand 2.8.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.8.2 Progress per actor 2.8.3 Conclusions 2.9 ECPAT International 2.9.1 Political context and enabling environment for civil society 2.9.2 Progress per actor 2.9.3 Conclusions 2.10 Overall progress of 2017 and contribution to MoFA’s SRHR results framework. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
2.10.1 Conclusions overall results for ToC and Annual Plan 2018 2.10.2 Contribution to SRHR results framework of MoFA Chapter 3: Partnership 3.1 Role of DtZ’s implementing partners and their relationship with other relevant stakeholders 3.2 Cooperation between DtZ Alliance members at the implementing level and overall Alliance 3.3 Partnership with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3 4 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 17 17 18 19 20 20 20 21 22 22 22 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 30 29 29 31 3 Chapter 4: Gender and inclusiveness 4.1 Gender and inclusiveness in activities 4.2 Gender framework 4.3 Boys and LGBTQI’s Chapter 5: Learning 5.1 The facilitation of learning in the DtZ programme 5.2 Lessons learned and best practices 5.2.1 Empowerment 5.2.2 Private sector Chapter 6: Challenges and opportunities for 2018 6.1 Opportunities 6.2 Challenges Annexes 1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
DtZ Mother ToC 2.
Revised ToCs a. Latin America b. Dominican Republic c. Bangladesh & India d. Philippines e. Thailand 3. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
DtZ Gender Framework Abbreviations CBCPM Community Based Child Protection Mechanism CSEC Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children CSO Civil Society Organisation DtZ Down to Zero LEA Law Enforcement Agencies LGBTQI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex MoFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoU Memorandum of Understanding NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OCSE Online Child Sexual Exploitation SECTT Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism SRHR Sexual Reproductive Health and Rights ToC Theory of Change UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organisation 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 35 35 35 4 Summary The Down to Zero (DtZ) Alliance is a partnership with the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA), led by Terre des Hommes, with Defence for Children-ECPAT, Free a Girl, ICCO Cooperation and Plan Netherlands. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
The programme aims to end Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in eleven countries, by addressing the following four interrelated actors: children, community, government and the private sector.
This report describes the results of the DtZ programme in the year 2017.
In Chapter 1 global trends and developments in CSEC in 2017 are discussed. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Key trends and developments were the visibility of male and very young victims of CSEC, growth of travel and tourism, proliferation of internet and communication technologies, child trafficking and child marriage.
The political climate and changes in government have led to shrinking space for civil society worldwide, especially for human rights organisations.
It became more difficult for civil society to express concerns, promote human rights and hold governments accountable. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Positive developments for CSEC prevention also occured in 2017, as new laws, regulations and ordinances have been designed and implemented at national and local level.
Local context and progress for all countries are detailed in Chapter 2.
All eleven countries of the DtZ programme are on track. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Most countries face a challenging political context whereby DtZ implementing partners are confronted with the political impasse of the government, priorities on other themes, or even denial of CSEC by the national government.
Despite the challenging environment, partners searched for other strategies to make progress.
The DtZ implemented partners synergised their strengths with each other and other stakeholders by aligning strategies and exchange information. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
They also focused on local government units as they are less affected by the changes in political and social environment.
One of the results in a tripartite collaboration in the Philippines between the local government, CSOs and private sector on efforts against CSEC.
Partners also used new entry points in order to make progress, for example teachers, public and state schools and religious community leaders. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Regarding working with the private sector, DtZ implementing partners shared knowledge and experience with each other which resulted in successful collaborations.
In 2017 adjustments have been made in the following country ToC’s: Latin America, Dominican Republic, India/Bangladesh, Philippines and Thailand.
No changes are proposed to the DtZ Annual Plan 2018. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Collaboration, discussed in Chapter 3, is key for the success of the DtZ Alliance, and happens at three key levels; within the alliance, between implementing partners and local organisations, and with MoFA.
Collaboration within the Alliance has added value compared to individual approaches, as the Alliance as a whole benefits from each partner’s unique focus or strength. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Thus, cooperation allows the Alliance to cover a larger area or population, or tackle a problem at multiple fronts, for example both at national and local level.
In addition, partners experience increased access to institutions and authorities through the DtZ network.
Furthermore, by speaking with a united voice the Alliance has more impact when approaching stakeholders. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Lastly, by collaboration, the DtZ Alliance increased opportunities to share contacts, make referrals and exchange services to ensure the beneficiary receives the best and most appropriate care.
DtZ implementing partners cooperate with local organisations in several ways.
Partnership with municipal and state schools is a crucial entry point to reach the target population. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
In addition, tripartite partnerships at local level support combating CSEC in travel and tourism with the private sector, government and DtZ implementing partners.
Partnership with MoFA is open and transparent.
Since MoFA representatives visited the DtZ programme the Alliance experienced more understanding on CSEC and related issues. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
As there was turnover of staff both at MoFA and in the DtZ Desk in the last quarter of 2017, the DtZ Alliance will reinvest in the relationship between the parties to ensure a continued good partnership.
Working with Dutch embassies was also experienced positively.
The level of engagement varies between programme components, and often depends on whether embassies have a mandate for development, and on local capacity. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
At minimum embassies and alliance members keep each other informed, but commonly a supportive relationship exists where contacts are shared, and on occasion activities are supported.
Challenges in working with the Dutch embassies arise due to limited capacity to engage in development cooperation, and when embassies focus on other topics, such as trade.
In addition, how much emphasis is placed on CSEC, often depends on the interests of the embassy staff. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
A final challenge is the turnover of staff within the embassies, 5 which necessitates building new relationships on a regular basis as staff move on every two years.
The role of gender in DtZ is examined in Chapter 4.
The DtZ Alliance acknowledge the importance of a gender perspective in the programme as gender is an important driver of CSEC.
Gender equality is promoted throughout the programme in all its interventions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
In 2017, the DtZ Alliance agreed on a gender framework that recognises a minimum standard, and disaggregated data by gender for all outputs in the pathway children and partly in the communities pathway.
Also, the DtZ Alliance decided to address gaps in the understanding of boy victims and the role of gender identities of boys and girls for some programme components, as well as through the research the Child Empowerment learning group is currently undertaking. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Learning is discussed in Chapter 5, and is an integral part of the DtZ programme.
Learning takes place at different levels of intensity: from exchange of information, to adopting each other’s best practices, to jointly finding new solutions to recurring or new dilemmas.
The Alliance aims to create a facilitating environment for continuous learning, both for implementing partners and Alliance members. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
In 2017, the Alliance took major steps towards the implementation of the learning agenda, by putting the infrastructure and processes in place that will make learning across the programme possible.
Firstly, the Learning Platform became operational.
It facilitates exchange of information and learning across the whole programme.
Secondly, learning was facilitated during two regional meetings (Latin-America and Asia) in August 2017. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |
Thirdly, the countries developed their country learning plans, specifying their ideas and initiatives during the DtZ programme.
Finally, two learning groups were established to give direction to the learning questions on the private sector and child empowerment.
Their plans are based on country learning plans, and support the plans and questions, but they also identified some general, overarching research questions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721911601133.pdf | https://www.datocms-assets.com/22233/1590138995-downtozeroannualreport2017.pdf | Dominican Republic |